Table 4.
Overview of parenting style and outcome examined as well as main findings.
| References | Parenting style | Outcome: anxiety | Outcome: depression | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basili et al. (2021) | Controlling parenting | X | X | Higher levels of parental control were associated with lower levels of anxiety and depression. |
| Cai and Tu (2020) | Controlling parenting * maternal control | X | X | No relationship between anxiety and controlling parenting. Higher levels of controlling parenting at T1 predicted higher levels of depressive symptoms at T2. |
| Cho et al. (2020) | Controlling parenting * maternal control | – | X | Lack of autonomy due to maternal control was associated with depressive symptoms |
| Cui et al. (2014) | Controlling parenting | – | X | Relationship between parental control and depressive symptoms |
| Cui et al. (2019) | Helicopter parenting | X | X | Helicopter parenting was associated with students' anxiety and depression level |
| Darlow et al. (2017) | Helicopter parenting | X | X | Higher levels of helicopter parenting were associated with more symptoms of depression. Helicopter parenting did not predict anxiety |
| Finkelstein et al. (2001) | Controlling parenting | – | X | No relationship between parental control and depression |
| Finkenauer et al. (2005) | Controlling parenting | – | X | Viewing one's parent as restrictive and psychological controlling was associated with depression |
| Gargurevich and Soenens (2016) | Controlling parenting (DPC and APC) | – | X | Both forms of parental psychological control (DPC and APC) were related to depressive symptoms |
| Goger et al. (2020) | Controlling parenting | X | – | Those who reported higher levels of controlling parenting also reported higher levels of anxiety. |
| Hong and Cui (2019) | Helicopter parenting | X | X | Higher levels of reported helicopter parenting was associated with higher levels of reported anxiety and depression |
| Heider et al. (2008) | Overprotective parenting | X | – | With the exception of GAD, there were a relationship between overprotection and anxiety. Regardless of the variations between single countries a similar parenting pattern across the four anxiety disorders was found |
| Inguglia et al. (2016) | Controlling parenting (DPC, APC and PAS) | X | X | APC was directly related to higher levels of anxiety and depression |
| Klein et al. (2020) | Controlling parenting | X | X | Those who scored high on depression and anxiety recalled their parents as controlling |
| Knappe et al. (2012) | Overprotective parenting | X | – | Overprotection was associated with social phobia |
| Kouros et al. (2017) | Helicopter parenting | X | – | Higher levels of perceived helicopter parenting was related to higher levels of social anxiety |
| Kullberg et al. (2021) | Controlling parenting | X | X | Higher levels of controlling parenting was related to higher levels of reported anxiety and depression |
| Kullberg et al. (2020) | Controlling parenting | X | X | Adults with anxiety disorder reported heighten maternal control. No direct relationship between control and depression. |
| LeMoyne and Buchanan (2011) | Helicopter parenting | – | – | Measurement for helicopter parenting was supported |
| Levitt et al. (2020) | Controlling parenting | X | X | Controlling parenting was positively associated with reported anxiety and depression levels |
| Lieb et al. (2000) | Overprotective parenting | X | – | Parental overprotection was found to be associated with social phobia. |
| Luebbe et al. (2018) | Helicopter parenting | X | X | Higher scores of helicopter parenting was associated with greater levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms |
| Luis et al. (2008) | Controlling parenting | X | – | Controlling parenting was associated with more anxiety |
| Mandara and Pikes (2008) | Controlling parenting * Maternal control | – | X | Controlling parenting was associated with higher depressive symptoms |
| Moilanen and Lynn Manuel (2019) | Helicopter parenting | – | X | High helicopter parenting was linked to high depression |
| Overbeek et al. (2007) | Overprotective parenting | X | X | Fathers' overprotection was significantly related to social phobia, and mothers' overprotection was significantly related to social and simple phobia. Maternal overprotection was found to be related to the subsequent onset of major depressive disorder |
| Reed et al. (2016) | Helicopter parenting | X | X | No direct effect of helicopter parenting and anxiety and depression |
| Reilly and Semkovska (2018) | Helicopter parenting | – | X | Perceived helicopter parenting predicted severity of depressive symptoms. |
| Reitman and Asseff (2010) | Controlling parenting | X | – | Perceptions of controlling parenting increased the reported anxiety |
| Rogers et al. (2020) | Controlling parenting | X | X | Adolescents who reported a relatively elevated and stable level of controlling parenting reported higher levels of anxiety and depression |
| Schiffrin et al. (2019) | Helicopter parenting | X | X | Perceived helicopter parenting increased self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety |
| Schiffrin et al. (2014) | Helicopter parenting | X | X | Students who reported helicopter parenting also reported higher levels of depression. No effect for anxiety |
| Segrin et al. (2013) | Helicopter parenting | X | – | No direct effect of helicopter parenting on anxiety levels |
| Silove et al. (1991) | Controlling parenting | X | – | Those whom were diagnosed with GAD had a higher risk of perceiving their parents as someone who uses “affectionless control.” Those whom were diagnosed with PD were more likely to report “affectionate constraint” |
| Soenens et al. (2012) | Controlling parenting (DPC and APC) | – | X | Relationships between the domains of psychological control, depressive personality and depressive symptoms were found in both the Korean and Belgian group |
| Turner et al. (2020) | Helicopter parenting | – | X | A relationship between helicopter parenting and depression levels was detected |
| Wenze et al. (2019) | Helicopter parenting | X | X | Helicopter parenting was not directly related to depression or anxiety symptoms |
| Wu et al. (2018) | Overprotective and controlling parenting | X | – | Over controlling and overprotective parenting increased children's geliophobia. |