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. 2022 May 25;13:903978. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.903978

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Copyright © 2022 Yakhnitsa, Ji, Hein, Presto, Griffin, Ponomareva, Navratilova, Porreca and Neugebauer.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Functional priming pain model. Increased mechanosensitivity induced by morphine treatment (priming). (A) Timeline of experimental procedures. Rats were treated with morphine or saline for 7 days. (B) Morphine-treated rats showed decreased paw withdrawal thresholds compared to morphine-treated baseline measures and compared to saline group on day 7 (^### p < 0.001, two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s posthoc test, n = 15). By day 21 mechanosensitivity recovered to baseline levels (n.s., p > 0.05, two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s posthoc test, n = 15). Bar histograms show means ± SEM. Symbols represent values of individual rats.