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. 2022 May 25;13:903978. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.903978

FIGURE 4.

FIGURE 4

Inhibitory effects of intra-CeA KOR antagonist (nor-BNI) on anxiety-like behaviors in a functional pain model. Intra-CeA nor-BNI (100 μM in microdialysis probe) increased percentage of time in open arms (A) and frequency (percent of total number) of entries into open arms (B) of the elevated plus maze (EPM), indicating anxiety-like behaviors. *, **p < 0.05, 0.01, t-tests, compared to aCSF control, n = 6 (aCSF), n = 8 (nor-BNI). Total distance travelled was not different between control (aCSF) and treatment (nor-BNI) groups (C) (n.s., p > 0.05, t-test, n = 6 (aCSF), n = 8 (nor-BNI). Bar histograms show means ± SEM. Symbols represent values of individual rats. (D) Representative heat maps show time spent in the closed and open arms of the EPM. A rat pretreated with aCSF into the CeA spent more time in the closed arm (left panel), whereas a nor-BNI pretreated rat spent equal time in the closed and open arms (right panel).