Table 1.
Participant demographic characteristics, prevalent comorbidities and substance use at the time of menopause diagnosisa and during menopauseb, Women’s Interagency HIV Study, 2008–2020.c
| Menopause before 41 N=35 N (%) or Median [IQR] | Menopause 41–45 N=101 N (%) or Median [IQR] | Menopause 46–50 N=442 N (%) or Median [IQR] | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics at the time of menopause diagnosis | |||
| Age | 37 [36,39] | 44 [42,45] | 49 [48,50] |
| Race | |||
| Black | 31 (89) | 73 (72) | 276 (62) |
| White | 3 (9) | 20 (20) | 97 (22) |
| Otherd | 1 (3) | 8 (8) | 69 (16) |
| Hispanic | 4 (11) | 17 (17) | 94 (21) |
| Completed high school | 19 (54) | 56 (55) | 272 (62) |
| Employed | 14 (40) | 21 (21) | 127 (29) |
| Average annual household income | |||
| <$12,000 | 20 (57) | 63 (63) | 260 (59) |
| $12,001-$18,000 | 6 (17) | 14 (14) | 56 (13) |
| >$18,000 | 9 (26) | 23 (23) | 123 (28) |
| Health insurance | 34 (97) | 85 (84) | 387 (88) |
| Menopause characteristics | |||
| Surgical menopausee | 1 (3) | 6 (6) | 15 (3) |
| Hysterectomy | 0 (0) | 5 (5) | 13 (3) |
| Prevalent conditions at the time of menopause diagnosis | |||
| Childhood trauma | 6 (17) | 13 (13) | 97 (22) |
| BMI 30 (kg/m2) | 22 (63) | 52 (51) | 204 (46) |
| HIV | 27 (77) | 87 (86) | 331 (75) |
| AIDS | 9 (26) | 31 (31) | 144 (33) |
| Autoimmune diseasef | 1 (3) | 9 (9) | 35 (8) |
| Cardiovascular diseaseg | 10 (29) | 32 (32) | 173 (39) |
| Hypertensionh | 27 (77) | 66 (65) | 327 (74) |
| Any liver fibrosisi | 11 (31) | 49 (49) | 206 (47) |
| Kidney diseasej | 7 (20) | 16 (16) | 80 (18) |
| Diabetes | 7 (20) | 15 (15) | 94 (21) |
| Cancer | 4 (11) | 11 (11) | 28 (6) |
| Prevalent mental health conditions during menopause | |||
| Depressive symptoms | 24 (69) | 68 (67) | 240 (54) |
| Recent trauma | 2 (6) | 17 (17) | 42 (10) |
| Antidepressants | 6 (17) | 29 (29) | 87 (20) |
| Antipsychotics | 4 (11) | 15 (15) | 36 (8) |
| Premenopausal substance exposures | |||
| Ever heavy drinkingj,k | 10 (29) | 44 (44) | 188 (43) |
| Ever smoking | 19 (54) | 72 (71) | 358 (81) |
| Ever marijuana use | 15 (43) | 48 (48) | 213 (48) |
| Ever illicit drug use | 9 (26) | 40 (40) | 215 (49) |
| Prevalent substance exposures during menopause | |||
| Current smoking | 16 (46) | 55 (54) | 250 (57) |
| Current heavy drinkingj | 10 (29) | 26 (26) | 95 (21) |
| Current cannabis use | 14 (40) | 24 (24) | 109 (25) |
| Current illicit drug use | 6 (17) | 20 (20) | 117 (26) |
Either: 1) postmenopausal before the age of 51 while not taking hormonal contraception nor having undergone neither hysterectomy nor bilateral oophorectomy; or 2) having undergone bilateral oophorectomy before the age of 51, regardless of hormonal contraception use or history of hysterectomy.
A comorbidity was considered prevalent during early menopause if it was present at or after the time of premature menopause diagnosis and before a participant turned 51.
WIHS participants were eligible for inclusion in this study if they attended at least one WIHS visit between October 2008 and September 2020 in which reproductive aging stage was determined. Participants were excluded from the study if they met any of the following criteria: (a) Participant reported using hormonal contraception for all visits between 29 and 50; (b) Participant reported having previously undergone hysterectomy but not double oophorectomy, or status of oophorectomy was undetermined, prior to October 2008.
Includes American Indian, Alaskan Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, and multi-racial, as well as any self-identified “other” racial category.
Participant underwent bilateral oophorectomy, with or without hysterectomy.
Any self-reported lupus, Sjogren’s, multiple sclerosis, Graves, or Hashimoto’s.
Any self-reported previous diagnosis of or hospitalization for angina, congestive heart failure, stroke, or myocardial infarction, or any surgery to open blocked blood vessels.
Systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg, self-reported hypertension, or use of anti-hypertensive medications at any point prior to or during enrollment in the WIHS.
AST to Platelet Ratio Index (APRI) >0.5 or Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4)>1.5 for more than one visit prior to amenorrhea.
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)<60 for more than one visit prior to the study period. Diabetes was defined as self-reported use of anti-diabetic medication, two fasting glucose levels >= 126 mg/dL, or fasting glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL and a concurrent hemoglobin A1C level of 6.5% or greater when not pregnant at any point prior to or during enrollment in the WIHS.
7 drinks/week.