Table 2.

Example systems used to model physical traits of the tumor microenvironment.

Model system	Physical traits	References
Advanced biomaterials	Material properties, cleavable crosslinks, ligand presentation, microarchitecture	(64, 70, 160, 165–168, 172–186, 203)
Protein micropatterns	Geometric constraints, heterotypic cell-cell contacts	(191–196)
Microfabricated devices	Structural guidance cues, material properties, confinement	(14, 67, 84, 198, 199, 202, 204, 206, 207)
Tumor-on-chips, microfluidics	Heterotypic cell-cell contacts, interstitial fluid flow, pharmacodynamics	(85, 128, 198, 205, 208–210, 212)
Pressure-driven flow systems	Interstitial fluid flow, heterotypic cell-cell contacts	(21, 22, 39, 82–84, 86, 113, 212)