TABLE 2.

Correlations of the place value measures and the hypothesized latent variables at kindergarten and first grade

	Kindergarten								First grade
		Approximate				Syntactic				Approximate				Syntactic
Variable	Approximate	MC	NLE	TC	Syntactic	B-10	WN?	EN	Approximate	MC	NLE	TC	Syntactic	B-10	WN?	EN
Kindergarten
Approximate		.81	.79	.80	.60	.63	.35	.42	.66	.54	.52	.60	.58	.52	.45	.43
MC	.81		.45	.49	.42	.44	.23	.30	.48	.43	.37	.41	.41	.38	.34	.26
NLE	.81	.46		.44	.47	.47	.30	.32	.56	.44	.50	.46	.52	.45	.41	.39
TC	.83	.53	.51		.56	.61	.31	.39	.54	.42	.37	.56	.47	.42	.33	.39
Syntactic	.66	.46	.50	.65		.79	.71	.81	.49	.39	.36	.47	.54	.47	.40	.43
B-10	.68	.48	.51	.69	.83		.31	.54	.44	.33	.33	.46	.49	.50	.36	.33
WN?	.42	.29	.34	.41	.75	.41		.32	.33	.27	.26	.29	.34	.23	.27	.32
EN	.48	.33	.36	.48	.82	.58	.39		.36	.31	.24	.35	.41	.37	.28	.34
First grade
Approximate	.71	.50	.60	.62	.58	.55	.41	.43		.86	.81	.82	.74	.66	.55	.58
MC	.59	.45	.48	.49	.47	.41	.34	.37	.87		.56	.59	.62	.52	.49	.48
NLE	.58	.40	.54	.47	.46	.44	.35	.32	.84	.61		.47	.52	.51	.34	.41
TC	.66	.44	.52	.63	.56	.55	.37	.41	.86	.64	.56		.71	.62	.53	.57
Syntactic	.64	.44	.55	.57	.63	.59	.43	.47	.79	.67	.62	.76		.83	.78	.82
B-10	.59	.42	.49	.52	.57	.59	.34	.44	.73	.59	.60	.69	.86		.47	.54
WN?	.53	.38	.45	.45	.50	.48	.36	.36	.63	.55	.46	.61	.82	.56		.42
EN	.50	.30	.43	.47	.51	.43	.39	.40	.65	.54	.50	.63	.84	.60	.51

Note: Bivariate correlations are presented below the diagonal and partial correlations (controlling for Matrix Reasoning) are presented above the diagonal. Syntactic = composite of B-10, WN?, and EN tasks. Approximate = composite of MC, NLE, and TC tasks.

Abbreviations: B-10, base-10 counting task; EN, expanded notation; MC, magnitude comparison; NLE, number line estimation; TC, transcoding; WN?, Which number has __?

All correlations were significant at p < .05.