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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2022 Mar 9;75:102701. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102701

Figure 2. Integrating measurements from multiple techniques enables quantitative and comprehensive description of metabolism.

Figure 2.

Different analytical techniques offer distinct metabolomic or fluxomic information. Transport fluxes provide physical units and can be measured by time-course measurement of extracellular metabolite concentrations using HPLC, GC, or enzyme-based biosensors (upper left). Isotope tracing techniques using MS or NMR give internal flux ratios that inform relative pathway usage (upper right). Tools such as the Seahorse XFA senses changes in environmental conditions like dissolved O2 and pH to compute overall metabolic rates (lower left). Techniques like FRET and SRS can characterize metabolic activity in real-time in live cells (lower right). Computational tools integrate these information to produce metabolic fluxes on a systems level (center).