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. 2022 Jan 10;128(6):450–459. doi: 10.1038/s41437-022-00497-2

Fig. 2. Schematic illustration of hormonal regulation of seed dormancy and germination, crosstalk between hormonal signals and other regulators, and effects of climate change on these processes.

Fig. 2

Abscisic acid (ABA) maintains seed dormancy through a gene expression network of ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE (ABI) transcription factors. Gibberellins (GA) promote seed germination through GA signaling pathway genes like SLY1 and GID1. Rice GID2 is orthologous to Arabidopsis SLY1. Drought stress and high-temperature conditions can induce ABA biosynthesis, leading to elevated dormancy. Low temperatures promote ABI3 expression and downregulate GA biosynthesis through DOG1. Auxin signaling, which is under miR160 regulation through ARFs, leads to the biosynthesis of ABA and the promotion of ABA signaling genes. MiRNAs such as miR9678 in wheat can play roles in maintaining hormonal balance. DOG1 DELAY OF GERMINATION 1, NCED 9-CIS-EPOXYCAROTENOID DIOXYGENASE, ARF AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR, SLY1 SLEEPY1, GID1 GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1, GA-ox GA OXIDASE.