Table 1.
List of QTL/genes conferring salt tolerance in major cereal crops identified during last decade.
| Parents | Population type (size) | Marker type (number) | Major QTL (linked marker) | Traits | Screening conditions | Chr | PVE % | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rice (seedling stage) | ||||||||
| Jiucaiqing × IR26 | RILs (150) | SSR (135) | qSH1.3 (RM3482-RM3362) | Seedling height | 0.5% NaCl | 1 | 14.4 | Wang et al. (2012) |
| Gharib × Sepidroud | F2:4 (148) |
SSR (131) AFLP (105) |
qRFW-4b (E36-M59-5-E37-M60-3) | Root fresh weight | EC = 12 dS/m | 4 | 19.1 | Ghomi et al. (2013) |
| qSHL-5 (RM13-RM164) | Shoot length | 4 | 19.5 | |||||
| C258 × IR75862 | BC1F10 (200) | SSR (128) | qSST5 (RM161-RM3476) | Salt toxicity score | 140 mmol/L NaCl | 5 | 13.3 | Qiu et al. (2015) |
| ZGX1 × IR75862 | BC1F10 (200) | SSR (128) | qDSS11 (RM332-RM167) | Seedling survival | 140 mmol/L NaCl | 11 | 12.5 | |
| Dongnong425 × Changbai10 | BC2F2:3, (190) | SSR (137) | qSNC-12 (RM28033-RM1310) | Shoot Na+ concentration | 140 mmol/L NaCl | 12 | 17.9 | Zheng et al. (2015) |
| Bengal × Pokkali | RILs (230) | SNP (9303) | qK1.11 (S1_11529325-S1_11581799) | Shoot K+ concentration | EC = 12 dS/m | 1 | 16.1 | De Leon et al. (2016) |
| qDWT5.4 (S5_4565557-S5_4699921) | Dry weight | 5 | 12.9 | |||||
| IR29 × Hasawi | RILs (142) | SNP (384) | qSFW4.1 (id4001113-id4001932) | Shoot fresh weight | EC = 12 dS/m | 4 | 12.8 | Bizimana et al. (2017) |
| Pokkali × Bengal | BIL (292) | SSR (107) | qSHL6.5 (RM253) | Shoot length |
EC = 12 dS/m EC = 12 dS/m |
6 | 23.5 | De Leon et al. (2017) |
| qDWT2.3 (RM211) | Dry weight | 2 | 27.9 | |||||
| Jupiter × Nona Bokra | CSSL (138) | SSR (126) | qK2.1 (RM5780-RM29) | Shoot K+ concentration | EC = 12 dS/m | 2 | 10.1 | Puram et al. (2017) |
| IR29 × Hasawi | RIL (155) | SNP (145) | qRL3.1 (id3200001-id3010345) | Root length | EC = 12 dS/m | 3 | 21.9 | Rahman et al. (2017) |
| Cheniere × NonaBokra | IL (112) | SSR (116) | qDWT8.1 (RM44-RM515) | Dry weight | EC = 12 dS/m | 8 | 17.6 | Puram et al. (2018) |
| IR29 × Pokkali | RIL (148) | SNP (14470) | qSIS12 (Bin12_4.19-4.35) | Salt injury score | EC = 12 dS/m | 12 | 12.8 | Chen et al. (2020) |
| Capsule × BRRIdhan29 | F2 (94) | SSR (105) | qSPAD10.1 (RM501C-RM5806) | Chlorophyll content | EC = 12 dS/m | 10 | 15 | Rahman et al. (2019) |
| 93-11 × PA64s | RIL (132) | SNP | qRL5 (SNP5-269-SNP5-289) | Root length | 100 mmol/L NaCl | 5 | 23.7 | Jahan et al. (2020) |
| Kalajoha × Ranjit | RIL (68) | SNP (3649) | qSL9.1 (9_19034853-9_19952446) | Reduction in shoot length | 100 mmol/L NaCl | 9 | 25.4 | Mazumder et al. (2020) |
| Rice (reproductive stage) | ||||||||
| Sadri × FL478 | F2 (232) | SSR (123) | qPH1.1s (RM246-RM431) | Plant height | EC = 6–8 dS/m | 1 | 17 | Mohammadi et al. (2013) |
| qTGW8.1s (RM80-RM281) | 1000-grain weight (TGW) | 8 | 17 | |||||
| NERICA-L-19 × Hasawi | F2:3 (113) | SSR (65) | qSES11 (RM536-RM287) | SES score | EC = 6.5–9.5 dS/m | 11 | 37.2 | Bimpong et al. (2014) |
| qPH10 (RM228-RM333) | Plant height | 10 | 44.9 | |||||
| Cheriviruppu × PB1 | F2 (218) | SSR (131) | qPH1.1 (RM128-RM472) | Plant height | EC = 10 dS/m | 1 | 47.1 | Hossain et al. (2015) |
| qPF10.1 (RM6142-RM181) | Pollen fertility | 10 | 12.8 | |||||
| IR36 × Pokkali | F2 (113) | SSR (111) |
qSY3.1 RM007-RM473D |
Straw yield per plant | – | 3 | 81.5 | Khan et al. (2016) |
| PS5 × CSR10 | F2 (140) | SSR (100) | qPL-2 (HvSSR02-66-HvSSR02-68) | Panicle length | EC = 10 dS/m | 2 | 24 | Pundir et al. (2021) |
| qNaR-9 (HvSSR09-11-HvSSR09-39) | Na+ concentration in root | ECe ~ 80 mmol | 9 | 37 | ||||
| Wheat | ||||||||
| Xiaoyan 54 × Jing 411 |
RILs (182) Seedling stage |
SSR, EST-SSR (555) |
QRl-7B (Xgwm297-NP43) QSh-5A (Xgwm156.1-Xgwm328) QRkc-5B(Xgwm133.2-Xgwm274.2) |
Root length Shoot height Root K+ concentration |
Hydroponics 150 mM NaCl |
7B 5A 5B |
14.7 14.6 14.3 |
Xu et al. (2012) |
| Sakha 93 × Gemmeza 7 |
DH (139) Seedling stage |
SSR, AFLP, RFLP (325) |
Gwm368 psr126/Gwm174 |
Na+ concentration K+ concentration |
Hydroponics 150 mM NaCl |
4B 2B/5D |
17.9 29/22 |
Amin and Diab (2013) |
| Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 |
RILs (131) Seedling stage |
DArt, SSR, EST-SSR (719) | QTdw-4B (Xgwm6-Xwmc413) | Total dry weight | Hydroponics 150 mM NaCl | 4B | 12 | Xu et al. (2013) |
| Berkut × Krichauff |
DH (152) Seedling stage |
SSR (403) | QTL (barc56/gwm186) | Cl– accumulation |
Hydroponics/field EC = 4.1–13.8 dS/m |
5A | 27–32 | Genc et al. (2013) |
| Roshan × Sabalan | RILs (154) Seedling stage | DArT/SSR (239) |
QHt-3A (wPt-8699-wPt-1119) QSfw-1A (wPt0769-wPt666776) |
Plant height Shoot fresh weight |
150 mM NaCl |
3A 1A |
12.9 13.6 |
Ghaedrahmati et al. (2014) |
| Superhead#2 × Roshan | RILs (186) | DArT/SSR (451) | QYld.abrii-1A1.1 (wPt-668205- wPt-731282), QYld.abrii-3B.1 (gwm566- wPt-730063) |
Grain yield TGW |
Field EC = 10–12 dS/m |
1A 3B |
11.0 10.3 |
Azadi et al. (2015) |
| Attila/Kauz × Karchia |
RILs (179) 5 locations |
DArT/SSR (118) |
QTL (wpt5505-Xgwm639) QTL (wpt729979-wpt664174) QTL (Xgwm540-wpt4996) |
Grain yield Plant height |
120 mM NaCl irrigation (field) EC = 11/13 dS/m |
5D 6B 5B |
12.4 10.5 |
Narjesi et al. (2015) |
| Roshan × Falat Seri82) | RILs (319) Seedling stage | DArT/SSR (730) |
QTL (wPt-798970-wPt-8303) QTL (wPt-0895-wPt-0013) |
Shoot fresh weight, chlorophyll content, root K+/Na+ content | 150 mM NaC |
3B-1 3B-2 |
19.2 12.1 |
Masoudi et al. (2015) |
| Jandaroi × AUS-14740 | F2 (112) (BSA-seedling stage) | 9K SNP |
QTL (Xm5511) QTL (Xm564) |
Leaf Na+/ K+ concentration and ratio | 100 mM NaCl |
3B 4B |
18 20–27 |
Shamaya et al. (2017) |
| WTSD91 × WN-64 | F2 (164) Seedling stage | SNPs (988) | qRNAX.7A.3/ qSNAX.7A.3 (AX-95248570-AX-95002995) | Root/shoot Na exclusion | 150 (4th), 225 (8th) 300 (12th day) mM NaCl | 7A | 11.2 18.7 | Hussain et al. (2017) |
| Xiaoyan 54 × Jing 411 | RIL (142) Seedling stage | SSR (470) | qRDW.ST-4A (Xbarc170 -Xbarc1136.2), qMRL.ST-6B (X239630-Xcfd13), qTDWR-3A (Xgwm 156.2-Xbarc324) |
Root dry weight Maximum root length Total dry weight |
150 mM NaCl |
4A 6B 3A |
>15 | Ren et al. (2018) |
| Excalibur × Kukri | DH (212) | DArT (222), SSRs (169), GBS | QG (1–5). sl-7A (X2279012.58AC), QNa.asl-7A (wmc0017), QK.asl-5A (Vrn-A1) | Growth, leaf Na+, leaf K+ | 100 mM NaCl | 7A |
14.1 11.3 28.2 |
Asif et al. (2018) |
| Roshan × Superhead | RILs (186) | DArT | QSPL.3A (wPt-3389–wPt-664504) | Spike length | EC = 12.5 dS/m | 3A | 42.1 | Jahani et al. (2019) |
| Kharchia 65 × HD 2009 | RILs (114) | SSR (133) | QSK+.iiwbr-2D (gwm261), QStn.iiwbr-4D (cfd84), QSne.iiwbr-4D (cfd84) | K+ content, tiller number, number of earheads | EC = 3.02 dS/m | 2D, 4D | >10 | Devi et al. (2019) |
| Frontana × Pasban90 | RILs (87) Seedling stage | SSR (202) | qCl.3B.SH (xwmc695-xgwm108), qPro.4B.SH (xgwm314-xgwm538), qNa.6B.CH (Xgwm70-Xbarc361) qSOD.6D.SH (xgdm108-xbarc23) | Chloride, proline, sodium, super oxide dismutase | NaCl (150 mM) | 3B, 4B, 6B, 6D | >15 | Ilyas et al. (2020) |
| Zhongmai 175 × Xiaoyan 60 | RILs (350) | 55K SNP | QPh-4B, QTkw-4B, QKw-4B, QKl/Kw-4B, QHi-4B, QKps-6A, QPh-6A, QGn-6A | Plant height, TGW, kernel length/ width, harvest index, kernels per spike, grain number | Field, salinity, (0.18%, m/m) | 4B, 6A | >10 | Luo et al. (2021) |
| Maize | ||||||||
| F63 × F35 | 161 F2:5 RILs | SNPs (3072) | QFgr1(PZE101140869-PZE101138116) and QFstr1 PZE101140869-PZE101138116 | Field germination rate, field salt tolerance ranking | Field (NaCl, 0.3% w/v adjusted), hydroponics (160 mM NaCl) | 1 | 30.4, 58.3 | Cui et al. (2015b) |
| PH6WC × PH4CV | 240 DH lines | SNPs (1317) | qSPH1 (PZE101094436 and PZE101150513.) | Plant height | Field (Na+ content 0–20 cm, 20–40 cm depth) | 1 | 31.24 | Luo et al. (2017) |
| Zheng58 × Chang7-2 | 540 RILs | SNPs (GBS) | ZmNC1 | Leaf Na+ Concentration | Glass house (100 mM NaCl) | 3 | 12.51 | Zhang et al. (2018) |
| PH6WC × PH4CV based hybrid (Xianyu335) | 209 DH lines | SNPs (1335) | qRLS1, qSLS1-2, qFLS1-2, qRFS1, qSFS1, qFFS1, qFDS1, qRLR1, qSLR1-1, qFLR1, qRFR1, qSFR1-1 & qFFR1 | Root/shoot/total lengths, and fulfill fresh weights, total dry weight, salinity index | Hydroponics (100 mM NaCl) | 1 | 21.2–63.1 | Luo et al. (2019) |
Bold indicates the tolerant parent.