Table 2.
Association studies conducted in rice, wheat, and maize over the last decade.
| Markers | Population | Traits studied | Marker-trait associations (MTAs) identified | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rice | ||||
| >6K custom-designed array based | 220 collected accessions from different sources | 12 traits; reproductive stage | 64 SNPs linked with different traits | Kumar et al. (2015) |
| >395K SNP | 208 accessions from the mini core collection | 11 traits | 20 QTN | Naveed et al. (2018) |
| 30K SNP | 240 temperate Japonica rice | 8 traits | 27 MTAs | Frouin et al. (2018) |
| >1101K within gene SNP | 708 accessions selected from 3K RGP | Seedling stage; multi-environment trial; 10 traits | 321 MTAs | Liu et al. (2019) |
| >112K SNP | 190 mostly Thai accessions (indica ssp.) | Flowering stage | 448 MTAs | Lekklar et al. (2019) |
| 17 million SNP | 664 cultivated varieties from 3K-RGP | Seedling stage; 7 phenotypic traits | 21 MTAs with 2 candidate genes | Yuan et al. (2020) |
| 2 million SNP | 204 accessions from Bengal and Assam Aus Panel (BAAP) | Seedling stage hydroponic and soil-based evaluation; 10 traits | 97 and 74 MTAs in hydroponic and soil-based evaluation respectively | Chen et al. (2020) |
| >21K SNP | 179 Vietnamese landraces | Seedling stage; 9 traits | 26 MTAs | Le et al. (2021) |
| >33K SNP | 155 varieties, Changi Genetic Resources Center, IRRI | 8 traits | 27 MTAs | Nayyeripasand et al. (2021) |
| Wheat | ||||
| 90K SNP array; | 150 winter and facultative genotypes | 13 traits | 187 SNP linked to 37 MTAs | Oyiga et al. (2018) |
| 90K SNP array; >41K SNPs | 100 bread wheat varieties | Na+ exclusion/accumulation | 9 linked SNP | Genc et al. (2019) |
| 660K SNP array | 191 accessions from diverse sources | 8 phenotyping traits | 389 SNP for 11 MTAs | Hu et al. (2021) |
| Maize | ||||
| Sequencing of ZmHKT1;5 gene | 54 diverse maize inbred lines | Survival rate | 2 SNP | Jiang et al. (2018) |
| >580K SNP | 399 inbred lines | Seedling stage; 6 traits | 57 SNP | Sandhu et al. (2020) |
| Maize SNP50 array; >55K SNP | 419 inbred lines | Seedling stage; shot Na+ content | 1 candidate gene | Cao et al. (2020) |
| >55K SNP | 348 inbred lines | Seedling stage; 27 traits | 104 MTAs | Luo et al. (2021) |
| GBS; >11 million SNPs | 266 inbred lines | Seedling stage; metabolite biomarkers | 10 candidate genes | Liang et al. (2021) |