Table 4.
Details of studies for proteomics/metabolomics approaches on salinity stress tolerance.
| Genotype | Tissue and developmental stage | Experimental conditions | Technique | Effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rice | |||||
| 38 rice genotypes | Roots | 43 mM NaCl applied on14-day-old seedlings | H-NMR spectroscopy | Accumulated allantoin and glutamate; Decreased glutamine and alanine. | Nam et al. (2015) |
| OsDRAP1 gene overexpressing line of Nipponbare | Leaves at 3-leaf stage | 120 and 150 mM NaCl after 14 days and kept for 7 days | LC-MS/MS analysis | Increased expression of proline, valine, several organic acids (phosphoenolpyruvic acid, glyceric acid, ascorbic acid) and several secondary metabolites | Wang et al. (2021) |
| A highly salt-sensitive Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica (rice variety 02428) | Leaves at 3-leaf stage | Control, 100 mM NaCl, 10 μM melatonin, 100 mM NaCl + 10 μM melatonin | UPLC and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) | The exogenous application of melatonin in increased salt tolerance. Transcriptomics study indicated that melatonin-mediated pathway contributed salt tolerance specifically AP2/EREBP-HB-WRKY transcriptional cascade and phytohormone (auxin and ABA). Furthermore, 64 metabolites including amino acids, organic acids, and nucleotides were found more in plants treated with salt+melatonin. | Xie et al. (2021) |
| Wheat | |||||
| Wheat cv. Keumgang | Chloroplasts from fully developed leaves; t 12- day-old seedlings | Sandy soil; 150 mM NaCl for 1, 2 and 3 days | Extraction: trichloroacetic acid (TCA)/acetone; linear quadruple trap-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (LTQ-FTICR) hybrid MS | Upregulated cytochrome b6–f (Cyt b6–f), germin-like-protein, c-subunit of ATP synthase, glutamine synthetase, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, S-adenosyl methionine synthase and carbonic anhydrase. Downregulated (day 1) but upregulated (days 2/3) proteins eIFs 5A-1/2 and 5A-3 subunits, photosystem I reaction center subunits II and IV, germin-like-protein and uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase | Kamal et al. (2012) |
| Chinese Spring (CS) and amphiploid (tolerant) | Mitochondria of shoots and roots; seedlings | Hydroponic system with 200 mM NaCl gradually on 1,2,3, and 4 days after sowing for 7 weeks. | Extraction: 100% acetone for leaf and TCA/acetone for root; digestion: gel-bound trypsin; quantification: TOF/TOF | Manganese SOD, serine hydroxymethyl transferase, aconitase, malate dehydrogenase, and β-cyanoalanine synthase were expressed higher in amphiploid. Glutamate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase upregulated in shoots but downregulated in roots. | Jacoby et al. (2013) |
| Roshan (tolerant) and Ghods (sensitive) | Leaves; 4-leaf stage seedlings | Hoagland solution with 200 mM NaCl for 17 days. | MALDI TOF-TOF-MS | Rubisco activase, Rubisco large and small subunits, chloroplastictrios phosphate isomerase, cytosolic malate dehydrogenase were upregulated | Maleki et al. (2014) |
| T349 and T378 transgenic line with GmDREB1 gene (maize promoter) | First expanded leaves; 10 days older seedlings | Growth chamber; Kimura B nutrient solution with 300 mmol/L NaCl to 10-day-old seedlings for 7 days | Extraction: TCA/acetone; digestion: In-gel with trypsin; quantification: MALDI-TOF MS analysis | Upregulated osmotic stress-associated proteins, methionine synthase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and oxidated stress associated protein glutathione transferase, NADP-dependent malic enzyme and 2-cys peroxiredoxin BAS1 | Jiang et al. (2014) |
| Duilio (Triticum durum) | Leaf (5-day-old seedling) | Hydroponics-two salinity levels (100 and 200 mmol/L)-5-day-old seedlings for 10 days | Orbitrap elite hybrid linear ion trap–Orbitrap mass spectrometer | Upregulated: proteins associated with energy production, signal transduction, and plant defense | Capriotti et al. (2014) |
| T. monococcum | Leaves; seedlings | Hoagland solution with 80, 160, 240, and 320 mM NaCl for two days | Extraction: Urea; labeling: 2-D gel with Coomassie brilliant blue labeling dye; digestion: trypsin; quantification: MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS | Upregulated: Cu/Zn SODs, GSTs, DHNs and LEA; 64 unique DAPs; Biomarkers for salt stress response and defense: cp31BHv, betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH), cytosolic (GS1), Cu/Zn SOD, MAT3, leucine aminopeptidase 2, and 2-Cys peroxiredoxin BAS1 | Lv et al. (2016) |
| Enterobacter cloacae SBP-8 bacteria inoculated wheat cv., C-309 | Whole plant; seedlings | Hoagland solution with 200 mM NaCl for 15 days after germination | Extraction: TCA/acetone; digestion: trypsin; quantification: liquid chromatography | Upregulated: cell wall strengthening and cell structure protecting proteins such as tubulin, profilin, retinoblastoma, Casparian strip membrane protein), xyloglucan endotransglucosylase, ion transporter (eg. malate transporter), metabolic pathway and protein synthesis | Singh et al. (2017) |
| Jimai 19 (sensitive) and Han 12 (tolerant) | Roots; seedlings | Growth chamber; Hoagland solution with 350 mM NaCl for 4 days | iTRAQ with isobaric label; validation: RT-PCR; transgenic plant Arabidopsis | Three salt-tolerant genes TaPPDK, TaLEA1 and TaLEA2 associated with PPDK, LEA1 and LEA2 proteins, respectively | Jiang et al. (2017) |
| Bobwhite | Roots and leaves; 2-week-old seedlings | Salt, NaHCO3: Na2CO3 (1:1 M) to create stress 50 mM for 2days | Extraction: TCA/acetone; digestion: trypsin; validation: qRT-PCR | Upregulated in roots: 5 SODs, 3 malate dehydrogenases, dehydrin proteins, and a V-ATPase protein; upregulated in leaves: 2 Cu/Zn SODs, LEA protein and DHN proteins | Han et al. (2019) |
| Chinese Spring | Seeds | Hoagland solution with 150 mM NaCl to seeds for 3days | Orbitrap Fusion Lumos mass spectrometer; validation: qRT-PCR | Upregulated 207 DEPs | Yan et al. (2020) |
| Qingmai 6 (salt tolerant) | Shoot and root; 2-week-old seedlings | Water with 150 mM NaCl, and same combined with 100 μM ethylene precursor ACC, and 150 μM ethylene signaling inhibitor 1-MCP for 3, 6, 12 and 24 h | Shotgun (Orbitrap Q Exactive HF-X mass spectrometer); validation: Western blot | Upregulated DAPs: ribosomal proteins (RPs), nucleoside diphosphate kinases (CDPKs), transaldolases (TALs), beta-glucosidases (BGLUs), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylases (PEPCs); proteins for metabolism played role in salt response in wheat shoots. | Ma et al. (2020) |
| Zhongmai 175 | Leaves; seedlings | 200 mM NaCl solution at 3-leaf stage for 4 days | Quantification: label-free data-independent mass spectrometric; validation: qRT-PCR | Upregulated: 117 DAPs associated with Calvin cycle, amino-acid metabolism, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, transcription and translation and antioxidation. | Zhu et al. (2021) |
| Dan-4589 | Leaves and roots | Greenhouse; Hoagland nutrient solution with 80 mM salt mixutre: NaCl and Na2SO4 (9:1) for 15 days |
Metabolomics GC-TOF-MS analysis with Pegasus 4D TOF MS |
Increased gluconeogenesis associated metabolites (in leaves), Glc, 3-PGA, G6P, F6P, Pyr and PEP, and Glu, AGBA, Ala, Asp, Gly, Thr, Ser, Val, Pro associated with glycolysis and amino-acid synthesis, | Guo et al. (2015) |
| Durum wheat: Altar, Cappelli, Creso, Ofanto and Wollaroi | Shoots and roots | Hoagland solution with 50, 100, and 200 mM NaCl for 10 days. | GCMS; quantification: Mass Hunter quantitative analysis (Metabolomics) | Proline, GABA, threonine, leucine, glutamic acid, glycine, mannose and fructose showed genotype-specific stress tolerance. | Borrelli et al. (2018) |
| Maize | |||||
| Salt-resistant maize hybrid SR12 | Root (1 hr after treatment) | 25 mM NaCl (1 h) | IEF and 2-DE | 10 proteins phosphorylated and six proteins dephosphorylated under salt stress. Enhanced phosphorylated proteins; fructokinase, UDP-glucosyl transferase BX9, and 2-Cys-peroxyredoxine | Zörb et al. (2010) |
| Salt-tolerant F63 and salt-sensitive F35 | Roots (2 days after NaCl treatment) | 160 mM NaCl treatment for 2 days | iTRAQ approach | 28 proteins (salt-responsive proteins), 22 specifically regulated in F63 (constant in F35) including cysteine proteases, ribosomal protein S8, 60 S ribosomal protein L3-1, and SOS proteins. | Cui et al. (2015a) |
| CML421, CML448, CML451 and B73 | Roots (after 4 weeks of salt treatment) | Pots in green house, NaCl added directly to soil mix (EC = 9.5 dS/m) | Singular enrichment analysis (SEA) | 1,747 proteins, of which 209 more abundant in response to salt stress (associated with oxidative stress, dehydration, respiration, and translation) specifically to heat-shock protein (HSP)90-2 (A0A096RTH6) and class III peroxidase (K7U159). | Soares et al. (2018) |
| Salt-tolerant Jing724 and salt-sensitive D9H | Seedlings (7 days after 100 mM NaCl treatment) | 100 mM NaCl (7 days) | iTRAQ approach | Upregulated DRPs and key DRPs, such as glucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenase, NADPH-producing dehydrogenase, glutamate synthase, and glutamine synthetase, in salt-tolerant line. | Luo et al. (2018) |
| 8723 (tolerant) and P138 (sensitive) | Seedling roots (10 days post treatment) | 180 mM salt stress (10 days) | iTRAQ approach | In salt-tolerant genotype, DEPs mainly associated with phenyl propanoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway | Chen et al. (2019) |
| PH6WC (tolerant) PH4CV (sensitive) | Roots of seedlings (6-day treatment) | 100 mM NaCl (9 days) | Metabolomic assay | Nucleic acid metabolism significantly higher in salt tolerant genotype, some compounds act under salinity such as cis-9-palmitoleic acid, L-pyroglutamic acid, galactinol, deoxyadenosine, and adenine. | Yue et al. (2020) |