TABLE 1.

Characteristics of caregivers and care recipients (N = 58 dyads)

Variables	Caregivers M ± SD, N (%)	Care recipients M ± SD, N (%)
Background
Age	53.3 ± 16.7	74.9 ± 6.2
Female	44 (75.9%)	27 (46.6%)
Married	44 (75.9%)	37 (63.8%)
Vietnam-born	56 (96.6%)	58 (100%)
Immigration age (mean)	31.9 ± 16.3	50.7 ± 12.9
Years of residence in the United States (mean)	22.4 ± 11.5	24.2 ± 11.7
Education (years)(mean)	10.4 ± 6.4	6.1 ± 5.8
0 year	10 (17.2%)	21 (36.2%)
1–6 years	7 (12.1%)	12 (20.7%)
7–12 years	20 (34.5%)	19 (32.8%)
>12 years	21 (36.2%)	6 (10.3%)
Household income
<$25K	24 (42.1%)	53 (91.4%)
$25K–$50K	25 (43.9%)	3 (5.2%)
>$50K	8 (14.0%)	2 (3.4%)
Employment (yes)	38 (65.5%)
Language spoken at home
Vietnamese	52 (91.2%)	57 (98.3%)
English and Vietnamese	5 (8.8%)	1 (1.7%)
Living arrangement with CR
Live with CR	47 (83.9%)
Within two blocks	5 (8.9%)
Other	4 (7.1%)
Caregiving length (year)	7.3 ± 7.5	N/A
Caregiving intensity (≥20 h/week)	40 (69.0%)	N/A
Health status
Excellent	20 (34.5%)	0 (0%)
Good	24 (41.4%)	11 (19.0%)
Fair	14 (24.1%)	25 (43.1%)
Poor	0 (0%)	22 (37.9%)
Number of ADL independence	N/A	4.1 ± 2.9
Number of IADL independence	N/A	3.6 ± 2.8
Psychological health
Caregiver burden	7.0 ± 8.0	N/A
Perceived stress	3.3 ±3.3	N/A
Positive aspects of caregiving	39.6 ± 8.0	N/A
Mean depressive symptoms	8.5 ±4.5	14.7 ±10.2
High depressive symptoms (<16)	5 (8.6%)	23 (39.7%)
No depressive symptoms	53 (91.4%)	35 (60.3%)
Cognitive health
Mini-Mental State Examination	N/A	24.2 ± 5.7
Cognitively impaired	N/A	12 (20.9%)

Note: ADL scores: 0–7; IADL: 0–9; Caregiver burden: 0–48; Perceived stress: 0–16; Positive aspects of caregiving: 9–45; Depressive symptoms: 0–30; Mini Mental State Examination: 0–30.

Abbreviations: CR, care recipient; M, mean; SD, standard deviation.