Table 4.

Characteristics at the time of the follow-up echocardiogram by groups of adverse clinical risk phenotypes^*

Characteristics at time of follow-up echocardiogram (n=350)	Echo and Vascular Risk (both in upper quintile) N=32, 9.1%	Vascular Risk (only vascular in upper quintile) N=91, 26.0%	Echo Risk (only echo in upper quintile) N=41, 11.7%	No Echo or Vascular Risk (none in upper quintile) N=186, 53.1%	P value
Duration in study (years)	8.9 ± 1.4	9.2 ± 1.1	9.0 ± 1.4	9.0 ± 1.4	0.66
Type 2 diabetes duration (years)	9.5 ± 1.5	9.9 ± 1.3	9.7 ± 1.6	9.6 ± 1.5	0.31
Age (years)	22.5 ± 2.3	23.2 ± 2.2	23.3 ± 2.5	22.5 ± 2.6	0.06
Female (%)	71.9%	60.4%	70.7%	66.7%	0.53
Race-ethnicity (%)
Non-Hispanic Black	64.5%	42.9%	42.5%	28.7%	0.004 a
Hispanic	25.8%	40.5%	30.0%	47.1%
Non-Hispanic White	9.7%	16.7%	27.5%	24.1%
Smoking in the past month (%)	25.0%	28.6%	19.5%	21.5%	0.55
Mean BMI (kg/m2)†	42.9 ± 7.9	39.8 ± 7.9	36.6 ± 8.9	33.9 ± 5.8	<.0001 a,b,c
Mean systolic BP (mm Hg)†	123.4 ± 9.2	118.8 ± 7.6	120.2 ± 9.4	115.0 ± 8.8	<.0001 a,c,d
Mean diastolic BP (mm Hg)†	74.8 ± 7.5	71.4 ± 6.0	74.3 ± 7.9	69.9 ± 6.8	<.0001 a,d
Mean arterial BP (mm Hg)†	91.0 ± 7.7	87.2 ± 6.1	89.6 ± 8.0	84.9 ± 7.1	<.0001 a,d
Heart rate (beats per minute)	81.3 ± 8.8	76.2 ± 13.0	83.9 ± 12.3	79.2 ± 12.0	0.009 e
On anti-hypertensive medications (%)	56.3%	42.9%	34.2%	25.8%	0.001 a,c
Mean total cholesterol (mg/dL)†	163.4 ± 30.8	159.2 ± 27.8	160.2 ± 33.1	162.9 ± 32.3	0.94
Mean LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)†	90.5 ± 24.9	93.3 ± 23.5	91.7 ± 28.9	93.1 ± 25.7	0.63
Mean HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)†	41.9 ± 9.2	40.2 ± 8.6	41.9 ± 8.4	43.4 ± 9.3	0.06
Mean triglycerides (mg/dL)†	105 [78–192]	100 [75–166]	112 [80–157]	113 [72–161]	0.92
Mean triglycerides to HDL-cholesterol ratio†	5.8 ± 9.7	3.9 ± 3.7	4.7 ± 9.6	3.6 ± 3.5	0.16
Mean HbA1c (%)†	8.8 ± 2.1	7.9 ± 1.9	7.9 ± 1.8	8.0 ± 2.1	0.17

^*Mean ± SD, median [25^th – 75^th percentile] or percent. Based on data for n=350 participants; 48 participants could not be classified into one of the four adverse risk groups due to missing data for at least one of the outcomes used in the categorization. Categorization into the four groups was based on participants having at least one, both or neither vascular (composite score) and cardiac (LV mass adjusted for height or mean septal-lateral E/Em) values in the upper quintile (≥80% percentile within our population). Overall tests of difference comparing measurements at the time of the echocardiogram between the four groups of adverse risk phenotypes were carried out using analysis of variance (continuous factors), and logistic (binary factors; e.g., sex) or multinomial regression (categorical factors; e.g., race-ethnicity).

^†Time-weighted mean. Significant pairwise comparisons (P<0.05) are denoted by superscripts if overall difference across the four risk groups is significant:

^(a)risk of both vs. no risk;

^(b)risk of both vs. echo risk only;

^(c)vascular risk only vs. no risk;

^(d)echo risk only vs. no risk; and

^(e)vascular risk only vs. echo risk only.