Table 1.

Immunotherapies in cancer.

Drugs	Targets	Effect on epigenetics or biology
Targeting trained immunity
BCG vaccine	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	H3K4 trimethylation of monocytes
B-glucans	Dectin-1 and complement receptor 3 (CR3)	H3K4 and H3K9 trimethylation
MDP	NOD2	Activate NF-κB pathway
Statins	Mevalonate	Change DNA methylation and prevent trained immunity induction
B-hydroxybutyrate and MCC950	NLRP3	Inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated trained immunity
Targeting innate immune signaling
ODNs	TLR9	Active innate immune responses by producing proinflammation cytokines and Th1 cells
Imiquimod	TLR7	Reverse local immunosuppression and induce tumor cell specific apoptosis
poly(I:C)	TLR9	Induce stable maturation of functionally active dendritic cells
	TLR3	Induce cancer cell apoptosis
Flagellin-protein fusions	TLR5	Induces inflammatory responses through the activation of APCs
IRAK1/4 inhibitor I	IRAK1/4	Suppresses solid tumor growth in several distinct combination therapies
NCGC1481	FLT3-IRAK1/4	Eliminates adaptive resistance of FLT3-mutant AML cells
NG25	TAK1	Inhibits colorectal cancer cell proliferation, especially for KRAS-mutant cells
5Z-7-oxozeaenol	TAK1	Enhances the sensitivity of glioblastoma cells to chemotherapy
		Suppresses triple-negative breast cancer metastasis by altering TAK1-p38 signaling
C-178, C-176	STING	Inhibits STING palmitoylation and attenuates autoinflammatory features in mice
NCGC00138783, Pep-20, etc.	CD47/SIRPα	Small-molecule inhibitors targeting macrophage checkpoints that induce phagocytosis

Abbreviations: MDP, muramyl dipeptide; ODN, CpG oligo-deoxynucleotides.