Table 7.
Randomized controlled trial outcomes—psilocybin
| Measures | Outcomes | Citation |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| (Timing from Psilocybin Administration) | ||
| ADRENERGIC AGENTS | ||
| Ergotamine-Psilocybin vs Placebo-Psilocybin | Pokorny et al. 2016 | |
| SUBJECTIVE | ||
| 5-Dimensions of Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale (180 m) | Oceanic boundlessness ↓ ∼ 9%, Anxious ego dissolution ↓ ∼ 17%, Visionary restructuralization ↑ ∼ 8%, Auditory alterations ↔, Vigilance Reduction ↑ ∼ 27% | |
| ANTIPSYCHOTICS | ||
| Chlorpromazine-Psilocybin vs Placebo-Psilocybin | Keeler 1967 | |
| PHYSIOLOGICAL | ||
| Pupil function (2 h) | Photography measure (mm) ↓91.8%*, After-image effect measure (mm) ↓95.0%* | |
| SUBJECTIVE | ||
| Unusual visual experiences (2 h) | Major visual response: ↓52.9%*, Minor visual response: ↓35.1%* | |
| Haloperidol-Psilocybin vs Placebo-Psilocybin | Vollenweider et al 1998 | |
| SUBJECTIVE | ||
| Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale (80 m) | Oceanic boundlessness ↓ ∼ 14%**, Dread of ego dissolution ↑ ∼ 27%*, Visionary restructuralization ↓ ∼ 9% | |
| Delayed response task (80 m) | Reaction time (ms) ↓ ∼ 2% | |
| Risperidone-Psilocybin vs Placebo-Psilocybin | Vollenweider et al 1998 | |
| SUBJECTIVE | ||
| Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale (80 m) |
Oceanic boundlessness ↓ ∼ 23% (risperidone 0.5 mg) & ↓ ∼ 31%**
(risperidone 1 mg) Visionary restructuralization ↓ ∼ 19%* (risperidone 0.5 mg) & ↓ ∼ 27%** (risperidone 1 mg) Dread of ego dissolution ↓* (risperidone 0.5 mg) & ↓** (risperidone 1 mg) |
|
| Delayed response task (80 m) | Reaction time (ms) ↓ ∼ 15% (risperidone 0.5 mg) & ↓ ∼ 24%** (risperidone 1 mg) | |
| ANXIOLYTICS | ||
| Buspirone-Psilocybin vs Placebo-Psilocybin | Pokorny et al 2016 | |
| SUBJECTIVE | ||
| 5-Dimensions of Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale (180 m) | Oceanic boundlessness ↓ ∼ 29%, Anxious ego dissolution ↓ ∼ 33%, Visionary restructuralization ↓ ∼ 44%***, Auditory alterations ↑20%, Vigilance Reduction ↓ ∼ 26% | |
| 5-Dimensions of Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale; Visionary Restructuralization Item Clusters (180 m) | Elementary hallucinations ↓ ∼ 48%**, Complex hallucinations ↓ ∼ 53%**, Synaesthesia ↔, Changing meaning of percepts ↓ ∼ 41%**, Facilitated autobiographic memory recollection ↓ ∼ 50%*, Facilitated imagination ↓ ∼ 33%* | |
| SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS | ||
| Escitalopram-Psilocybin vs Placebo-Psilocybin | Becker et al 2021 | |
| PHARMACOKINETIC | ||
| Drug level (Cmax) | Psilocin ↑1.0% | |
| PHYSIOLOGICAL | ||
| Vitals (ΔEmax) | Heart rate ↓33.3, SBP ↓43.8%***, DBP ↓23.5%*, MAP ↓37.5%**, Temp ↓11.1% | |
| QTc interval (150 m) | ↑2.3% | |
| Pupil function (Emax) | Pupil dilation (mm) ↓66.7% ** | |
| Plasma Brain-Derived Neutrophic Factor level (Cmax) | ↓6.6% | |
| Gene expression levels | SLC6A4 ↑7.0%, HTR2A ↓6.5% | |
| SUBJECTIVE | ||
| 5-Dimensions of Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale (Emax) | Oceanic boundlessness ↔, Anxious ego dissolution ↓40%, Visionary restructuralization ↓4.7% | |
| Visual Analog Scales (ΔEmax) | Any drug effects ↓14.1%*, Good drug effects ↓3.8%, Bad drug effects ↓53.8%**, High ↓2.7%, Fear ↓50%**, Talkative ↓47.1%*, Open ↓25%*, Happy ↔, Concentration ↓20% | |
| Adjective Mood Rating Scale (ΔEmax) | Concentration ↓233.3%, Activity ↑133.3%, Extroversion ↓35.7%, Introversion ↑2.8%, General well-being ↔, Emotional Excitation ↓8.6%, Anxiety ↓80%** | |
| Mystical Effects Questionnaire | MEQ30 total score ↓7.7%, no significant differences in subscales except ineffability ↓19.3%* | |
| List of Complaints (0–7 h) | Global ↓25% * | |
Percent change reported for [psych med] + psilocybin vs. placebo + psilocybin
#
= [psych med] + psilocybin vs [psych med] + placebo; ↔ no change in response, ∼ = estimated percentage change approximated from graphical representation of outcome data
*
p < .05
**
p < .01, and
***
p < .001 (in bold)