Table 2. Multivariable-adjusted linear regression models for placental genes significantly associated with pregnancy-average Particulate Matter <2.5 microns (PM_2.5) exposure.

Linear regression models for the pooled subset and the sex-stratified subsets summarizing the Beta estimates, standard error and P-values for each placental gene assessed via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a significant association with pregnancy-average PM_2.5 exposure. Models have all been adjusted for maternal smoking, the PCR batch effect and the sex of the infant.

		Beta Estimate	Standard Error	P-value
ABHD3 (n = 412)
	PM2.5	−0.23	0.06	0.0003*
	Smoking	−0.03	0.14	0.85
Female (n = 199)
	PM2.5	−0.17	0.06	0.07
Male (n = 213)
	PM2.5	−0.27	0.06	0.0009*
ATP11A (n = 413)
	PM2.5	0.23	0.1	0.02*
	Smoking	0.25	0.23	0.27
Female (n = 199)
	PM2.5	0.12	0.14	0.38
Male (n = 214)
	PM2.5	0.31	0.15	0.04*
PSCA (n = 412)
	PM2.5	0.31	0.2	0.045*
	Smoking	−0.36	0.3	0.31
Female (n = 199)
	PM2.5	0.1	0.21	0.65
Male (n = 213)
	PM2.5	0.47	0.2	0.04*
ST6GALNAC4 (n = 406)
	PM2.5	0.30	0.09	0.0009*
	Smoking	−0.07	0.2	0.72
Female (n = 196)
	PM2.5	0.28	0.13	0.04*
Male (n = 210)
	PM2.5	0.33	0.12	0.006*
CLTCL1 (n = 398)
	PM2.5	0.03	0.1	0.77
	Smoking	0.27	0.2	0.23
Female (n = 193)
	PM2.5	−0.008	0.1	0.94
Male (n = 205)
	PM2.5	0.1	0.1	0.48

^*p < 0.05 and Beta estimates in bold indicate a relationship of moderate correlation between PM_2.5 exposure and gene expression.