Fig. 2. Catalytic performances of various samples toward nitroarenes hydrogenation.
a Catalytic conversion of 4-nitrostyrene hydrogenation and b product distribution in the presence of monometallic Ni, Ru, and RuNi catalysts with various Ru loading (0.1−2 wt.%); c Turnover frequency (TOF) over RuNi catalysts as a function of per mole Ru under the catalytic dynamic range. d Reusability tests of 0.4 wt.% RuNi catalyst within five successive catalytic cycles. ln (C0/C) based on e nitrobenzene and f styrene vs. reaction time for the hydrogenation reaction of nitrobenzene and styrene mixture (1:1). Reaction conditions: 1 mmol of reactant; 8 ml of solvent (ethanol); 0.02 g of catalyst; 1 Mpa of H2, 60 °C, 3 h. Error bars were defined as the standard deviation by three replicate experiments.