TABLE 1.

UPCs in ER and CMHS during the two observation periods: number per patient, referral to and outcome.

Variables			UPCs in ER					UPCs in CMHS
			Pre-COVID-19 period (n = 1,194)			COVID-19 period (n = 909)	Probability statistical test	Pre-COVID-19 period (n = 1,162)	COVID-19 period (n = 1,214)	Probability statistical test
UPCs per patient, m ± DS
Number				1.33 ± 1.13		1.31 ± 0.98	NS	2.15 ± 2.22	2.63 ± 2.66	t = −4.77 p = 0.000
Referral to UPCs, n (%)
Spontaneous/General practitioner				1100 (92.1%)		798 (87.8%)	Fisher’s exact = 0.000 § SR = 4.84	1008 (86.75%)	1076 (88.63%)	χ2 = 29.9, p = 0.000 *SR = 4.31
CMHS				4 (0.3%)		8 (0.9%)		4 (0.34%)	4 (0.33%)
Other medical specialists				2 (0.2%)		1 (0.1%)		14 (1.2%)	21 (1.73%)
Psychiatric facilities				32 (2.7%)		65 (7.2%)§		101 (8.69%)	68 (5.6%)
Other institutions				46 (3.9%)		24 (2.6%)		5 (0.43%)	32 (2.64%)*
Unknown				10 (0.8%)		13 (1.4%)		30 (2.58%)	13 (1.07%)
UPC Outcome, n (%)
Voluntary psychiatric hospitalization					313 (26.2%)	211 (23.2%)	χ2 = 53.99 p = 0.000 **SR = 3.99 §§ SR = −2.17	109 (9.4%)	105 (8.6%)	χ2 = 19.84 p = 0.047 ***SR = 2.9
Involuntary psychiatric hospitalization					22 (1.8%)	12 (1.3%)		30 (2.6%)	30 (2.5%)
Discharge at home/General practitioner					134 (11.2%)	76 (8.4%)§§		687 (59.1%)	758 (62.4%)***
Referral to CMHS					493 (41.3%)	427 (47.0%)		225 (19.4%)	198 (16.3%)
	PAS				63 (5.3%)	40 (4.4%)		16 (1.4%)	23 (1.9%)
	Other Specialists				60 (5.0%)	62 (6.8%)		29 (2.5%)	20 (1.6%)
	More than one outpatient service				37 (3.1%)	62 (6.8%)**		2 (0)	7 (1%)
Others					63 (5.3%)	11 (1.2%)		31 (3%)	40 (3%)
Unknown					9 (0.8%)	8 (0.9%)		19 (1.6%)	7 (0.6%)
Referral to Home care					–	–		3 (0.3%)	16 (1.3%)
		ER			–	–		5 (0.4%)	9 (0.7%)
		Private specialist						11 (0.9%)	10 (0.8%)
					–	–
Self-discharge					–	–		26 (2.2%)	31 (2.6%)

^§, ^§§, *, **, *** Standardized Residues (SR) with > or < 2 values and p < 0.05.