TABLE 3.

Demographic characteristics of people who required UPC during the two observation periods.

Variables	People who required UPC in ER			People who required UPC in CMHS
	Pre-COVID-19 period (n = 896)	COVID-19 period (n = 702)	Probability statistical test	Pre-COVID-19 period (n = 666)	COVID-19 period (n = 599)	Probability statistical test
Gender, n (%)
Male	441 (49.2%)	357 (50.9%)	Not statistically significant	312 (46.7%)	272 (45.4%)	Not statistically significant
Female	455 (50.8%)	345 (49.1%)		355 (53.3%)	328 (54.6%)
Age, m ± DS
Years	43.87 ± 17.28	45.18 ± 18.0	Not statistically significant	45.98 ± 17.08	48.22 ± 15.68	t = −2.42 p = 0.015
Nationality, n (%)
Italian	726 (81.0%)	549 (78.21%)	Not statistically significant	545 (81.8%)	503 (84.0%)	Not statistically significant
European (not Italian)	56 (6.3%)	53 (7.55%)		29 (4.4%)	27 (4.5%)
Extra-European	114 (12.7%)	100 (14.2%)		92 (13.8%)	69 (11.5%)
Housing, n (%)
Parental family	215 (24%)	177 (25.2%)	χ2 = 15.35 p = 0.018 *SR = 2.41 **SR = −2.41	193 (28.9%)	156 (26.04%)	Not statistically significant
Marital family	242 (27%)	209 (29.8%)		213 (31.9%)	212 (35.4%)
Alone	83 (9.2%)	73 (10.4%)		130 (19.5%)	133 (22.2%)
Psychiatric facilities/communities	14 (1.6%)	24 (3.4%)*		41 (6.1%)	25 (4.1%)
Other structures	75 (8.4%)	37 (5.3%)		46 (6.9%)	35 (5.8%)
Homeless	18 (2%)	10 (1.4%)**		10 (1.5%)	4 (0.6%)
Unknown	249 (27.8%)	172 (24.5%)		31 (4.6%)	32 (5.3%)
Employment status, n (%)
Unemployed	209 (23.3%)	172 (24.5%)	χ2 = 29.27 p = 0.000 § SR = 4.24 §§ SR = −3.11	217 (32.6%)	189 (31.5%)	Not statistically significant
Employed	208 (23.2%)	182 (25.9%)		230 (34.5%)	227 (37.9%)
Student	59 (6.6%)	31 (4.4%)		62 (9.3%)	37 (6.2%)
Retired	62 (6.9%)	58 (8.3%)		71 (10.6%)	70 (11.7%)
Disability pension	22 (2.5%)	48 (6.8%)§		28 (4.2%)	24 (4%)
Unknown	336 (37.5%)	211 (30.1%)§§		21 (3.1%)	11 (1,8%)

^§, ^§§, *, **, *** Standardized Residues (SR) with > or < 2 values and p < 0.05.