Table 2.

Biennial changes in muscle mass, strength, and physical performance

	Incident sarcopenia (+)			Incident sarcopenia (−)
	2016–2017	2018–2019	P a	2016–2017	2018–2019	P a	P b	P c
Men
ASM/height2 (kg/m2)	7.04 ± 0.75	6.31 ± 0.55	<0.001	7.31 ± 0.80	7.03 ± 0.75	<0.001	<0.001	0.111
Hand grip strength (kg)	30.4 ± 4.2	28.2 ± 5.2	<0.001	34.4 ± 5.1	34.4 ± 5.2	0.635	<0.001	0.013
Gait speed (m/s)	1.07 ± 0.21	0.99 ± 0.21	<0.001	1.25 ± 0.25	1.23 ± 0.20	0.058	0.006	0.785
SPPB (score)	11.0 ± 1.2	10.7 ± 1.4	0.015	11.4 ± 0.9	11.5 ± 0.9	0.229	0.007	0.536
Timed up and go test (s)	10.5 ± 2.3	12.5 ± 2.9	0.015	9.6 ± 2.1	10.0 ± 2.3	<0.001	<0.001	0.782
Five‐times sit‐to‐stand test (s)	10.8 ± 2.8	11.5 ± 3.3	0.034	10.0 ± 2.9	9.5 ± 2.7	<0.001	0.004	0.852
Women
ASM/height2 (kg/m2)	5.58 ± 0.55	4.99 ± 0.33	<0.001	6.02 ± 0.68	5.83 ± 0.63	<0.001	<0.001	—
Hand grip strength (kg)	19.2 ± 3.7	18.2 ± 3.3	0.002	22.0 ± 3.7	21.9 ± 3.9	0.305	0.008	—
Gait speed (m/s)	1.03 ± 0.20	0.94 ± 0.19	<0.001	1.13 ± 0.23	1.11 ± 0.21	0.003	0.003	—
SPPB (score)	10.8 ± 1.5	10.4 ± 1.6	0.031	10.9 ± 1.4	10.9 ± 1.5	0.614	0.135	—
Timed up and go test (s)	11.2 ± 3.5	13.0 ± 4.6	<0.001	10.1 ± 2.3	10.8 ± 2.8	<0.001	<0.001	—
Five‐times sit‐to‐stand test (s)	12.4 ± 4.7	13.1 ± 5.8	0.127	11.4 ± 3.5	11.1 ± 3.7	0.040	0.073	—

ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; SPPB, short physical performance battery.

Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation.

^a P statistical significance between the baseline value (2016–2017) and the follow‐up value (2018–2019).

^b P for interaction of time and sarcopenic status.

^c P for interaction of time and sex in participants with incident sarcopenia.