Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the cohort by sex‐and age‐specific quintiles of handgrip strength
| Handgrip strength a | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | All | Q5 (highest) | Q4 | Q3 | Q2 | Q1 (lowest) |
| N | 466 788 | 90 148 | 87 841 | 92 964 | 99 121 | 96 714 |
| Sociodemographics | ||||||
| Women | 254 535 (54.5) | 48 188 (53.5) | 46 429 (52.9) | 51 735 (55.7) | 57 093 (57.6) | 51 090 (52.8) |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 56.51 (8.08) | 56.51 (8.08) | 56.04 (8.18) | 56.99 (8.02) | 56.75 (7.95) | 57.03 (7.80) |
| Deprivation index | ||||||
| Lower (least deprived) | 159 290 (34.1) | 33 955 (37.7) | 31 887 (36.3) | 32 748 (35.2) | 33 031 (33.3) | 27 669 (28.6) |
| Middle | 157 162 (33.7) | 30 844 (34.2) | 30 158 (34.3) | 31 909 (34.3) | 33 303 (33.6) | 30 948 (32.0) |
| Higher (most deprived) | 150 336 (32.2) | 25 349 (28.1) | 25 796 (29.4) | 28 307 (30.5) | 32 787 (33.1) | 38 097 (39.4) |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| White | 444 023 (95.1) | 86 970 (96.5) | 84 717 (96.4) | 89 289 (96.1) | 94 205 (95.0) | 88 842 (91.9) |
| Mixed background | 6456 (1.4) | 1019 (1.1) | 1045 (1.2) | 1116 (1.2) | 1430 (1.4) | 1846 (1.9) |
| South Asian | 8271 (1.8) | 409 (0.5) | 723 (0.8) | 1134 (1.2) | 1902 (1.9) | 4103 (4.2) |
| Black | 6674 (1.4) | 1624 (1.8) | 1158 (1.3) | 1158 (1.3) | 1254 (1.3) | 1480 (1.5) |
| Chinese | 1364 (0.3) | 126 (0.1) | 198 (0.2) | 267 (0.3) | 330 (0.3) | 443 (0.5) |
| Health‐related factors | ||||||
| Handgrip strength, kg, mean (SD) | 30.73 (10.99) | 40.82 (10.64) | 35.05 (8.87) | 30.83 (8.20) | 27.00 (7.73) | 21.12 (7.85) |
| BMI categories | ||||||
| Underweight | 2404 (0.5) | 241 (0.3) | 325 (0.4) | 493 (0.5) | 613 (0.6) | 732 (0.8) |
| Normal weight | 153823 (33.0) | 27 465 (30.5) | 29 378 (33.5) | 32 011 (34.4) | 34 400 (34.7) | 30 569 (31.6) |
| Overweight | 198 786 (42.6) | 40 003 (44.4) | 38 414 (43.7) | 39 748 (42.8) | 41 189 (41.6) | 39 432 (4.8) |
| Obesity | 111 775 (24.0) | 22 439 (24.9) | 19 724 (22.5) | 20 712 (22.3) | 22 919 (23.1) | 25 981 (26.9) |
| Multimorbidity | ||||||
| 0 morbidities | 164 202 (35.2) | 35 643 (39.5) | 33 742 (38.4) | 33 377 (35.9) | 33 962 (34.26) | 27 478 (28.4) |
| 1 or more morbidities | 302 586 (64.8) | 54 505 (60.5) | 54 099 (61.6) | 59 587 (64.1) | 65 159 (65.7) | 69 236 (71.6) |
| Long‐standing illness | ||||||
| No | 317 963 (68.1) | 66 904 (74.2) | 63 698 (72.5) | 65 513 (70.5) | 67 045 (67.64) | 54 803 (56.7) |
| Yes | 148 825 (31.9) | 23 244 (25.8) | 24 143 (27.5) | 27 451 (29.53) | 32 076 (32.4) | 41 911 (43.3) |
| Lifestyle behaviours | ||||||
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never | 256 879 (55.0) | 48 827 (54.2) | 47 887 (54.5) | 51 123 (55.0) | 55 362 (55.9) | 53 680 (55.5) |
| Former | 162 225 (34.8) | 32 446 (36.0) | 31 107 (35.4) | 32 700 (35.2) | 33 801 (34.1) | 32 171 (33.3) |
| Current | 47 684 V(10.2) | 8875 (9.8) | 8847 (10.1) | 9141 (9.8) | 9958 (10.1) | 10 863 (11.2) |
| Alcohol intake | ||||||
| Daily or almost daily | 96 567 (20.7) | 20 509 (22.1) | 19 405 (22.1) | 19 816 (21.3) | 19 680 (19.9) | 17 157 (17.7) |
| Three or four times a week | 109 762 (23.5) | 22 807 (25.1) | 22 071 (25.1) | 22 449 (24.2) | 22 844 (23.1) | 19 591 (20.3) |
| Once or twice a week | 120 957 (25.9) | 23 368 (25.9) | 23 000 (26.2) | 24 090 (25.9) | 25 896 (26.1) | 24 603 (25.4) |
| One to three times a month | 51 966 (11.1) | 9924 (11.0) | 9486 (10.8) | 10 299 (11.1) | 11 316 (11.4) | 10 941 (11.3) |
| Special occasions only | 52 078 (11.2) | 8504 (9.4) | 8648 (9.8) | 9983 (10.7) | 11 572 (11.7) | 13 371 (13.8) |
| Never | 35 458 (7.6) | 5036 (5.6) | 5231 (6.0) | 6327 (6.8) | 7813 (7.9) | 11 051 (11.4) |
| Walking pace | ||||||
| Slow pace | 36 115 (7.7) | 3 560 (4.0) | 4278 (4.9) | 5526 (5.9) | 7650 (7.7) | 15 101 (15.6) |
| Average pace | 245 255 (52.5) | 44 096 (48.9) | 44 562 (50.7) | 49 297 (53.0) | 54 315 (54.8) | 52 985 (54.8) |
| Brisk pace | 185 418 (39.7) | 42 492 (47.1) | 39 001 (44.4) | 38 141 (41.0) | 37 156 (37.5) | 28 628 (2) |
| TV viewing, h/days, mean (SD) | 2.78 (1.58) | 2.62 (1.46) | 2.69 (1.51) | 2.76 (1.54) | 2.82 (1.59) | 3.00 (1.75) |
| Sleep time, h/day | ||||||
| Short sleep (<7 h/day) | 345 140 (73.9) | 68 566 (76.1) | 66 497 (75.7) | 69 719 (75.0) | 72 883 (73.5) | 67 475 (69.8) |
| Normal (7–9 h/day) | 113 707 (24.4) | 20 585 (22.8) | 20 180 (23.0) | 21 886 (23.5) | 24 429 (24.7) | 26 627 (27.5) |
| Long sleep (>9 h/day) | 7941 (1.7) | 997 (1.1) | 1164 (1.3) | 1359 (1.5) | 1809 (1.8) | 2612 (2.7) |
| Fruit and vegetables intake, g/day | 330.61 (193.78) | 336.31 (189.96) | 331.77(191.30) | 332.18 (191.17) | 328.44 (190.82) | 324.95 (204.58) |
| Processed meat intake | ||||||
| Never | 43 390 (9.3) | 7612 (8.44) | 7864 (9.0) | 8558 (9.2) | 9727 (9.8) | 9629 (10.0) |
| Less than once a week | 143 044 (30.6) | 28 500 (31.6) | 271 162 (30.9) | 29 147 (31.4) | 30 487 (30.8) | 27 748 (28.7) |
| Once a week | 136 570 (29.3) | 26 607 (29.5) | 26 122 (29.7) | 27 076 (29.1) | 28 716 (29.0) | 28 049 (29.0) |
| 2–4 times a week | 125 848 (27.0) | 24 206(26.9) | 23 359 (26.6) | 24 851 (26.7) | 26 479 (26.7) | 26 953 (27.9) |
| 5–6 times a week | 14 321 (3.07) | 2609 (2.9) | 2698 (3.1) | 2672 (2.9) | 2951 (3.0) | 3391 (3.5) |
| Once or more daily | 3615 (0.8) | 614 (0.7) | 636 (0.7) | 660 (0.7) | 761 (0) | |
| Red meat intake, portion/day, mean (SD) | 2.11 (1.43) | 2.15(1.42) | 2.16 (1.41) | 2.10 (1.40) | 2.08 (1.43) | 2.10 (1.51) |
| Oily fish intake | ||||||
| Never | 50135 (10.7) | 8015 (8.9) | 8548 (9.7) | 9404 (10.1) | 11 082 (11.2) | 13 086 (13.5) |
| Less than once a week | 155 042 (33.2) | 30 228 (33.5) | 29 506 (33.6) | 30 833 (33.2) | 32 796 (33.1) | 31 679 (32.8) |
| Once a week | 177 513 (38.0) | 35 071 (38.9) | 33 922 (38.6) | 35 812 (38.5) | 37 558 (37.9) | 35 150 (36.3) |
| 2–4 times a week | 79 767 (17.1) | 15 978 (17.7) | 15 038 (17.12) | 16 088 (17.3) | 16 837 (17.0) | 15 826 (16.7) |
| 5–6 times a week | 3288 (0.7) | 671 (0.7) | 633 (0.7) | 634 (0.7) | 627 (0.6) | 723 (0.8) |
| Once or more daily | 1043 (0.2) | 185 (0.2) | 194 (0.2) | 193 (0.2) | 221 (0.2) | 250 (0.3) |
Values are percentage, unless otherwise stated.
a
Sex‐specific and age‐specific quintiles of handgrip strength.