Table 1.
General characteristics
| Characteristics (mean ± standard deviance) | Hip fracture patients | Controls (6) | P value a | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Died | Second hip fracture | Non‐second hip fracture | Followed | Lost | |||||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) = (1) + (2) + (3) | (5) | (2) vs. (1) + (3) | (4) vs. (5) | (4) vs. (6) | ||
| Sample size | 28 | 45 | 221 | 294 | 85 | 301 | — | — | |
| Age (years) | 80.57 ± 8.48 | 79.23 ± 7.10 | 72.60 ± 9.84 | 74.37 ± 9.83 | 76.74 ± 7.78 | 68.36 ± 6.14 | <0.01 | 0.13 | <0.01 |
| Male sex, % (n) | 35.71 (10) | 22.22 (10) | 30.77 (68) | 29.93 (88) | 32.94 (28) | 35.55 (107) | 0.41 | 0.60 | 0.14 |
| HA, % (n) | 21.43 (6) | 40.00 (18) | 36.65 (81) | 35.71 (105) | — | — | 0.23 | — | — |
| FN fractures, % (n) | 35.71 (10) | 44.44 (20) | 60.18 (133) | 55.44 (163) | 60.49 (49) | — | 0.11 | 0.42 | — |
| Antiosteoporosis treatment, % (n) | 21.43 (6) | 20.00 (9) | 12.22 (27) | 14.29 (42) | — | — | 0.21 | — | — |
| Height (cm) | 161.64 ± 6.74 | 160.41 ± 6.47 | 162.35 ± 9.45 | 162.03 ± 8.88 | 163.04 ± 7.83 | 162.47 ± 7.51 | 0.14 | 0.36 | <0.01 |
| Weight (kg) | 58.38 ± 11.78 | 57.35 ± 15.57 | 61.59 ± 12.83 | 60.71 ± 13.15 | 58.85 ± 10.22 | 66.77 ± 10.00 | 0.37 | 0.13 | 0.66 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.23 ± 3.75 | 22.18 ± 5.50 | 23.42 ± 5.16 | 23.14 ± 5.09 | 22.12 ± 3.35 | 25.24 ± 2.92 | 0.56 | 0.03 | <0.01 |
| Parker Mobility Score 1 | 8.32 ± 1.02 | 8.49 ± 1.10 | 8.73 ± 0.80 | 8.65 ± 0.88 | — | — | 0.32 | — | — |
| Parker Mobility Score 2 | 6.68 ± 1.59 | 6.57 ± 2.55 | 7.95 ± 1.37 | 7.63 ± 1.71 | — | — | <0.01 | — | — |
| SBP (mmHg) | 146.59 ± 20.4 | 145.61 ± 20.49 | 142.42 ± 20.25 | 143.07 ± 20.26 | 142.31 ± 18.63 | 126.51 ± 8.64 | 0.39 | 0.76 | <0.01 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 79.26 ± 12.74 | 76.67 ± 10.57 | 76.54 ± 12.10 | 76.83 ± 12.05 | 75.26 ± 11.86 | 74.10 ± 7.56 | 0.89 | 0.47 | 0.01 |
| Hypertension, % (n) | 14.29 (4) | 28.89 (13) | 20.36 (45) | 21.09 (62) | 21.18 (62) | — | 0.16 | 0.99 | — |
| T2DM, % (n) | 64.29 (18) | 24.44 (11) | 48.87 (108) | 46.6 (137) | 25.88 (22) | 37.9 (114) | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.03 |
| History of CHD, % (n) | 3.57 (1) | 2.22 (1) | 4.98 (11) | 4.42 (1) | 9.41 (8) | — | 0.44 | 0.08 | — |
| Previous fractures, % (n) | 14.29 (4) | 17.78 (8) | 21.72 (48) | 20.41 (60) | 27.06 (23) | 21.4 (51) | 0.63 | 0.19 | 0.28 |
| OA, % (n) | 10.71 (3) | 4.44 (2) | 12.22 (27) | 10.88 (32) | 16.47 (14) | — | 0.13 | 0.16 | — |
| G.MaxM area (cm2) | 27.84 ± 6.53 | 29.16 ± 6.04 | 33.85 ± 8.46 | 32.56 ± 8.26 | — | 39.36 ± 7.43 | <0.01 | — | <0.01 |
| G.MaxM density (HU) | 20.73 ± 7.84 | 20.50 ± 7.77 | 25.02 ± 6.95 | 23.92 ± 7.39 | — | 33.45 ± 6.59 | <0.01 | — | <0.01 |
| G.Med/MinM density (HU) | 29.06 ± 6.44 | 27.52 ± 5.29 | 31.97 ± 5.83 | 31.02 ± 6.04 | — | 42.35 ± 4.39 | <0.01 | — | <0.01 |
| FN CortThick (mm) | 1.58 ± 0.25 | 1.56 ± 0.38 | 1.55 ± 0.37 | 1.55 ± 0.36 | — | 1.84 ± 0.28 | 0.73 | — | <0.01 |
| TH aBMD (g/cm2) | 0.57 ± 0.13 | 0.53 ± 0.11 | 0.61 ± 0.13 | 0.59 ± 0.13 | 0.56 ± 0.12 | 0.80 ± 0.16 | <0.01 | 0.04 | <0.01 |
| FN aBMD (g/cm2) | 0.45 ± 0.09 | 0.47 ± 0.13 | 0.51 ± 0.11 | 0.50 ± 0.11 | 0.46 ± 0.09 | 0.68 ± 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.01 | <0.01 |
| TR aBMD (g/cm2) | 0.38 ± 0.11 | 0.35 ± 0.09 | 0.41 ± 0.10 | 0.40 ± 0.10 | 0.37 ± 0.10 | 0.56 ± 0.13 | <0.01 | 0.12 | <0.01 |
| IT aBMD (g/cm2) | 0.70 ± 0.17 | 0.64 ± 0.13 | 0.74 ± 0.15 | 0.73 ± 0.16 | 0.69 ± 0.15 | 0.98 ± 0.19 | <0.01 | 0.06 | <0.01 |
| bCSA (cm2) | 1.53 ± 0.31 | 1.48 ± 0.30 | 1.66 ± 0.37 | 1.62 ± 0.36 | 1.53 ± 0.35 | 2.07 ± 0.46 | <0.01 | 0.04 | <0.01 |
| ACT (cm) | 0.12 ± 0.04 | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.03 | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.16 ± 0.04 | 0.02 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| CSMI (cm4) | 1.48 ± 0.48 | 1.37 ± 0.53 | 1.61 ± 0.77 | 1.56 ± 0.72 | 1.52 ± 0.83 | 1.72 ± 0.67 | 0.06 | 0.44 | <0.01 |
| Z (cm3) | 0.84 ± 0.25 | 0.79 ± 0.29 | 0.90 ± 0.37 | 0.88 ± 0.35 | 0.81 ± 0.33 | 1.03 ± 0.36 | 0.05 | 0.09 | <0.01 |
| BR | 16.26 ± 5.57 | 16.36 ± 4.72 | 15.00 ± 3.65 | 15.33 ± 4.06 | 17.44 ± 4.60 | 11.00 ± 3.31 | 0.06 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
aBMD, areal bone mineral density; ACT, average cortical thickness; bCSA, bone cross‐sectional area; BMI, body mass index; BR, buckling ratio; CHD, coronary heart diseases; CortThick, cortical thickness; CSMI, cross‐sectional moment of inertia; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FN, femoral neck; G.MaxM, gluteus maximus muscle; G.Med/MinM, gluteus medius and minimus muscle; HA, hip arthroplasty (including total hip arthroplasty and hemiarthroplasty); HU, Hounsfield unit; IT, intertrochanter; OA, osteoarthritis; SBP, systolic blood pressure; T2DM, type 2 diabetes; TH, total hip; TR, trochanter; Z, section modulus.
Parker Mobility Score 1: assessment obtained prior to first hip fracture surgery; Parker Mobility Score 2: refracture group: assessment within 3 months prior to second hip fracture; death group: assessment within 3 months prior to death; group without second fracture: assessment of mobility prior to follow‐up visit.
P value was obtained using χ 2 tests for categorical variables and two‐sample Wilcoxon tests for continuous variables.