Table 3. Predictors of vaccine uptake among adults aged 45 years or older by sociodemographic and health-related characteristics, India, 2017–18.
| Variable | OR (95% CI) of vaccine uptake |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Influenza vaccine | Pneumococcal vaccine | Typhoid vaccine | Hepatitis B vaccine | |
| Age group, years | ||||
| 45–59 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| 60–69 | 1.05 (0.77–1.44) | 1.77 (0.98–3.19) | 1.01 (0.75–1.36) | 1.18 (0.89–1.57) |
| 70–79 | 0.98 (0.65–1.48) | 2.14 (0.86–5.35) | 0.93 (0.63–1.37) | 1.27 (0.86–1.88) |
| ≥ 80 | 0.55 (0.26–1.19) | 1.70 (0.51–5.65) | 0.50 (0.26–0.95) | 0.76 (0.39–1.48) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Female | 0.64 (0.46–0.88) | 0.76 (0.44–1.33) | 0.93 (0.70–1.23) | 0.63 (0.46–0.87) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Currently married | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Widowed | 0.90 (0.62–1.30) | 0.85 (0.40–1.79) | 0.93 (0.67–1.30) | 0.96 (0.66–1.39) |
| Other | 1.94 (1.14–3.27) | 2.03 (0.80–5.15) | 1.00 (0.51–2.00) | 0.85 (0.43–1.65) |
| Years of schooling | ||||
| None | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| < 5 | 1.16 (0.77–1.76) | 0.87 (0.41–1.87) | 0.94 (0.61–1.44) | 1.12 (0.72–1.73) |
| 5–9 | 1.03 (0.73–1.44) | 0.90 (0.50–1.60) | 1.02 (0.75–1.38) | 1.16 (0.85–1.58) |
| ≥ 10 | 0.75 (0.50–1.13) | 1.26 (0.76–2.09) | 1.33 (0.95–1.86) | 1.94 (1.44–2.60) |
| Working status | ||||
| Not working | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Currently working | 1.34 (0.99–1.83) | 2.19 (1.11–4.33) | 1.43 (1.08–1.91) | 1.49 (1.11–2.01) |
| Social group | ||||
| Scheduled caste or tribe | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Other backward class | 0.71 (0.52–0.97) | 0.92 (0.54–1.56) | 0.83 (0.61–1.12) | 1.05 (0.77–1.43) |
| Other | 0.70 (0.49–0.99) | 1.30 (0.72–2.34) | 1.02 (0.75–1.39) | 1.54 (1.14–2.09) |
| Religion | ||||
| Hindu | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Muslim | 0.54 (0.27–1.08) | 0.43 (0.21–0.92) | 1.03 (0.66–1.61) | 0.90 (0.59–1.35) |
| Other | 1.41 (1.00–1.99) | 1.73 (1.02–2.95) | 1.97 (1.45–2.68) | 3.19 (2.42–4.20) |
| Wealth quintile | ||||
| Poorest | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Poorer | 1.37 (0.85–2.20) | 1.36 (0.54–3.43) | 1.63 (1.01–2.63) | 1.41 (0.77–2.60) |
| Middle | 1.52 (0.96–2.42) | 2.40 (0.99–5.81) | 1.83 (1.17–2.89) | 1.36 (0.74–2.51) |
| Richer | 1.36 (0.85–2.17) | 3.21 (1.35–7.65) | 1.51 (0.96–2.39) | 2.24 (1.22–4.09) |
| Richest | 1.86 (1.18–2.93) | 5.21 (2.25–12.10) | 2.17 (1.37–3.44) | 2.97 (1.62–5.46) |
| Urban or rural area | ||||
| Rural | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Urban | 0.89 (0.66–1.20) | 1.36 (0.82–2.24) | 0.88 (0.65–1.19) | 1.49 (1.16–1.91) |
| Geographical region | ||||
| North | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Central | 0.07 (0.02–0.21) | 0.15 (0.06–0.38) | 0.15 (0.10–0.25) | 0.34 (0.21–0.55) |
| East | 0.15 (0.09–0.26) | 0.61 (0.35–1.08) | 0.30 (0.21–0.44) | 0.87 (0.65–1.16) |
| North-east | 0.12 (0.06–0.23) | 0.51 (0.20–1.30) | 0.29 (0.18–0.49) | 1.48 (1.09–2.01) |
| West | 0.22 (0.13–0.40) | 0.25 (0.09–0.71) | 0.32 (0.22–0.46) | 0.15 (0.08–0.30) |
| South | 1.68 (1.25–2.26) | 0.34 (0.19–0.63) | 0.31 (0.23–0.43) | 0.18 (0.12–0.27) |
| Hospitalization | ||||
| No | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Yes | 0.92 (0.57–1.50) | 1.05 (0.57–1.93) | 2.01 (1.46–2.77) | 1.46 (1.04–2.06) |
| Type of health-care facility | ||||
| Public | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Private | 1.18 (0.88–1.57) | 0.94 (0.52–1.68) | 1.64 (1.23–2.18) | 1.10 (0.84–1.43) |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Everyday | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Sometimes | 1.34 (0.88–2.05) | 0.89 (0.49–1.65) | 0.86 (0.61–1.21) | 0.93 (0.66–1.32) |
| None | 1.95 (1.44–2.65) | 1.43 (0.83–2.44) | 0.99 (0.73–1.33) | 1.22 (0.90–1.67) |
| Smokinga | ||||
| Currently smoking | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Not currently smoking | 1.22 (0.84–1.77) | 0.65 (0.36–1.18) | 1.01 (0.78–1.49) | 1.20 (0.86–1.68) |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| Yes | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| No | 1.76 (1.25–2.47) | 0.80 (0.47–1.37) | 0.99 (0.78–1.49) | 0.94 (0.86–1.68) |
| Chronic disease(s)b | ||||
| No | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Yes | 1.38 (1.06–1.80) | 1.22 (0.78–1.91) | 1.24 (0.97–1.59) | 1.02 (0.79–1.31) |
CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio; ref.: reference group.
a Not currently smoking includes past smokers and those who never smoked.
b Persons with chronic diseases include those who have diabetes, cardiovascular disease, lung disease or cancer.