Table 3.
Details of intervention (photobiomodulation).
| S.No | Author | Laser type | Wavelength | Model (Manufacturer) | Output power (mW) | Fluence/Energy density (J/cm2) | Total dose per tooth | Site of application | Duration and frequency |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Goymen et al. 201927 | GaAlAs laser device LED application according to the manufacturer's instructions with an 850-nm wavelength |
Laser - 810-nm LED – 850 nm |
Cheese dental laser; Wuhan Gigaa Optronics Technology Co. Ltd., Wuhan, China OrthoPulse, Biolux Research Ltd., Vancouver, BC, Canada |
Not reported | Laser - 8 J/cm2 LED - 20 mW/cm2 |
10 points total | Laser - 0, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days LED -10 min per day |
|
| 2 | Fernandes et al. 201926 | Diode laser | 808 nm | Laser Duo, MMOptics, São Carlos, SP, Brazil | 100 mW | Beam area = 0.04 cm2 Energy density - 25 J/cm2 |
10 points on the gingival tissue (five points per vestibular and five per palatine region): two points on the cervical third (one mesial and one distal gingiva), two points on the apical third (one mesial and one distal), and one point in the middle third (root center) | 10 s per point Three different moments: immediately after force application (T0), after 3 (T1) and 7 days (T2), as well as, whenever a new elastic chain was placed to activate the intrusion, during a total of 3 months |
|
| 3 | Khaw et al. 201825 | Aluminum-gallium-indium-phosphorus laser | 660 nm | Thor Photomedicine, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom | 75-mW | Power density of 0.245 W/cm2 Fluence of 3.6 J/cm2 1/e2 spot size - 0.260 cm2, 1/e2 power density - 0.245 W/cm2 |
Total energy - 7.6 J | 4 points buccally and 4 palatally 2 points at the cervical portion (mesial and distal), 1 at midroot, and 1 at the apex of the tooth per buccal and lingual sides |
15 s per point LLLT regimen was performed at weekly sessions over a period of 6 weeks |
| 4 | Okla et al. 201824 | 850 nm | OrthoPulse® Biolux Research Ltd., Vancouver, BC, Canada |
Not reported | Continuous wave, 0.065 J/cm2 | Complete arch | 5 min per arch per day | ||
| 5 | Ng et al. 201723 | AlGaAs Aluminum-gallium-Arsenic |
808 nm | Klas, Konftec Corporation, Taiwan | Continuous mode- 180 mW Pulsed mode- 360 mW at 20 Hz |
Beam area of 0.5 cm2 Total irradiated surface area was 4 cm2 |
1.6 J per point | 4 buccal, 4 palatal points Apex, Middle third (centre of the root), Cervical third (mesial) and Cervical third (distal) |
Continuous laser - 9 s per point Pulsed laser - 4.5 s per point Days 0,1,2,3, 7, 14, 21. |
| 6 | Sousa et al. 201121 | Aluminum-gallium-arsenide (AsGaAl) | 780 nm | Twin Laser (MM Optics Ltda, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil) | 20 mW | 5 J/cm2 Irradiated area of about - 0.04 cm2 |
0.2 J of energy per point Total – 2J |
10 s per point Day 0, 3, 7, 30 and 60 |