Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.
The total bidirectional pathways in brain–lung axis. Overall, the brain regulates the lung via neuroanatomical, humoral, immune and metabolic pathways. The lung influences the brain primarily via humoral, immune, pathogenic microorganisms and metabolic pathways. CAP cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, LPS lipopolysaccharide, OMVs outer membrane vesicles
