Table 5.

Reference bacterial strains recommended by European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute for using in ASTs.

Test bacteria	Reference bacteria	AMR characteristics of the reference bacteria	Use	Reference
Enterobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Yersinia spp. and other Enterobacterales	Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922)	Non resistant to antibiotics	Used as negative control strain	[29,45,56,57]
	Escherichia coli (ATCC 35218)	Beta-lactamase-producing strain	Used as positive control for the assay of beta-lactam antibiotics
	Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 700603)	Beta-lactamase SHV-18 producing strain	Used as positive Control
Pseudomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp.	Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)	Multidrug resistant strain	Used as positive control
Staphylococcus spp.	Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213)	Weak beta-lactamase producing and Oxacillin sensitive strain	Used as negative control strain for MIC determination of beta-lactam antibiotics
Enterococcus spp.	Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212)	Multidrug resistant strain	Used as positive control in ASTs
Streptococcus spp., Listeria monocytogenes	Streptococcus pneumoniae (ATCC 49619)	Moderately penicillin-resistant strain	Used as penicillin susceptible control strain
Pasteurella multocida	Haemophilus influenza (ATCC 49766)	Ampicillin-susceptible strain	Used negative control strain for MIC determination of ampicillin

MIC=Minimum inhibitory concentration, AST=Antibiotic susceptibility test