TABLE 2.

Influence of TiO₂ nanofertilisers on different crops

Plant	Concentration	Application method	Effects	Reference
Maize	0, 100, 300, and 500 mg/L	Foliar spray	Increase in plant height, dry weight, and yield	[79]
Lettuce	0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/L	NPs in sandy soil	Fivefold increase in phosphorus (P) uptake and plant growth (shoot and root length)	[80]
Onion	0, 100, 200, and 400 mg/L	Seeds soaked in NPs	Promote seed germination, maximum germination rate achieved at 100 mg/L	[81]
Cabbage	0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/L	Seeds soaked in NPs	Promote seed germination and root growth	[82]
Wheat	0, 30, 50, and 100 mg/kg	NPs in soil with phosphorus (P)	Promote plant growth and nutrient uptake	[83]
Cucumber	0–4000 mg/L	Seeds soaked in NPs	Promote seed germination and root growth, >300% increase in root length at all concentrations	[84]
Barley	0, 100, 200, and 300 mg/L	Foliar spray	Increase in crop yield	[85]

Abbreviation: NP, nanoparticle.