Table 2.

Incidence and covariates of stillbirth

	Any SB among women enrolled at <20 weeks’ gestation				Late SB among women enrolled at <28 weeks’ gestation

	All (N=235)^*		VL suppressed (N=170)		All (N=517)^*		VL suppressed (N=367)

Group	Event/py (IR/100py)	HR^a (95%CI); p	Event/py (IR/100py)	HR^a (95%CI); p	Event/py (IR/100py)	HR^a (95%CI); p	Event/py (IR/100py)	HR^a (95%CI); p

Overall	17/99 (17.16)		13/72.7 (17.89)		11/176.1 (6.25)		9/127.2 (7.07)

Site
Western Kenya	8/66.0 (12.11)	0.43(0.18–1.07);0.069	7/50.4 (13.9)	0.50(0.18–1.39);0.182	7/114.9 (6.09)	0.94(0.28–3.19);0.918	5/85.9 (5.82)	0.60(0.16–2.22);0.441
Nairobi	9/32.9 (27.33)	Ref	6/22.3 (26.88)	Ref	4/61.1 (6.55)	-	4/41.3 (9.67)	Ref

Age
AYA (15–24 years)	5/35.5 (14.08)	0.87(0.3–2.52);0.794	5/24.0 (20.86)	1.67(0.52–5.34);0.384	4/57.3 (6.99)	1.24(0.36–4.25);0.731	3/36.3 (8.25)	1.34(0.34–5.27);0.677
Older adult (≥25 years)	12/63.5 (18.91)	Ref	8/48.7 (16.42)	Ref	7/118.7 (5.9)	Ref	6/90.9 (6.6)	Ref

Depression^b
Moderate/severe symptoms	7/27.0 (25.9)	2.92(1.09–7.81);0.033	5/18.0 (27.84)	2.41(0.81–7.14);0.112	3/43.8 (6.85)	1.21(0.33–4.39);0.771	2/26.1 (7.66)	1.26(0.26–6.04);0.769
None/mild	10/71.9 (13.9)	Ref	8/54.7 (14.62)	Ref	8/132.2 (6.05)	Ref	7/101.1 (6.92)	Ref

Food insecurity^c
Level 4	8/29.7 (26.93)	1.68(0.63–4.51);0.3	7/20.3 (34.55)	2.33(0.73–7.49);0.155	2/48.2 (4.15)	0.61(0.14–2.75);0.521	1/33.7 (2.97)	0.37(0.05–2.88);0.342
Level 1/2/3	9/69.3 (12.99)	Ref	6/52.4 (11.45)	Ref	9/127.8 (7.04)	Ref	8/93.5 (8.55)	Ref

Social support^d
<median	9/46.2 (19.46)	1.65(0.68–4.02);0.266	9/32.9 (27.36)	3.15(1.12–8.9);0.03	10/81.7 (12.24)	11.62(1.58–85.54);0.016	8/58.0 (13.79)	10.05(1.33–76);0.025
≥median	8/52.7 (15.17)	Ref	4/39.8 (10.05)	Ref	1/94.3 (1.06)	Ref	1/69.2 (1.44)	Ref

Travel time to clinic
>60 min	2/9.0 (22.21)	1.63 (0.41–6.53); 0.489	2/6.0 (33.1)	2.05 (0.54–7.74); 0.288	1/13.5 (7.39)	1.28 (0.16–10.06); 0.812	0/9.2 (0)	-
≤60 min	15/88.2 (17.01)	Ref	11/65.8 (16.71)	Ref	10/159.7 (6.26)	Ref	9/116.7 (7.71)	Ref

History of STI^e
Yes	1/4.1 (24.46)	2.41 (0.33–17.63); 0.385	1/3.1 (32.5)	2.54(0.34–18.74);0.36	1/6.9 (14.47)	2.62(0.31–22.41);0.378	1/5.0 (19.86)	3.49(0.41–29.59);0.251
No	16/94.4 (16.94)	Ref	12/69.1 (17.36)	Ref	10/168.6 (5.93)	Ref	8/121.7 (6.57)	Ref

Diagnosis
Before pregnancy	8/67.9 (11.78)	0.49(0.2–1.22);0.126	7/59.3 (11.81)	0.31(0.11–0.9);0.032	6/114.8 (5.23)	0.88(0.27–2.88);0.838	5/100.2 (4.99)	0.55(0.15–1.95);0.353
During pregnancy	9/31.1 (28.95)	Ref	6/13.4 (44.78)	Ref	4/61.2 (6.53)	Ref	3/27.0 (11.09)	Ref

VL at enroll
Unsuppressed	4/26.3 (15.21)	0.74(0.25–2.15);0.575	-	-	2/48.7 (4.1)	0.57(0.12–2.78);0.487	-	-
Suppressed	13/72.7 (17.89)	Ref	-	-	9/127.2 (7.07)	Ref	-	-

Partner tested for HIV

Yes	10/69.8 (14.34)	0.36(0.13–1.01);0.052	7/56.2 (12.46)	0.18(0.06–0.55);0.003	6/118.7 (5.06)	0.34(0.09–1.27);0.11	6/95.6 (6.28)	0.28(0.07–1.15);0.076
No	6/12.9 (46.44)	Ref	6/7.6 (78.58)	Ref	4/24.7 (16.17)	Ref	3/12.3 (24.3)	Ref

Hazard ratio estimated by Cox proportional hazards regression calculating time-at-risk from enrollment to delivery, and adjusting for site as a covariate

evaluated by Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ9), a score >5 indicating at least moderate depressive symptoms

level 1,2,3,4 indicating secure, mild, moderate, severe

evaluated by Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) survey, median of 64 among 235 women enrolled at <20 weeks and median of 63 among 517 women enrolled at <28 weeks

including genital infection, gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, candidiasis, cervicitis.

In models adjusting for site and VL at enrollment, the association between SB and depression remained similar (adjusted HR [aHR] 2.93, 95%CI 1.04–8.23), as did the association between late SB and lower social support score (aHR 11.74, 95%CI 2.47–55.86).