TABLE 4.

Primary outcomes of overweight adults who consumed supplement shakes differing in protein and fiber for 12 wk¹

	Time point				P 2
Variable and group	D0	D28	D56	D84	Time	Group	Time × group
ITT analysis
Weight, kg
LPF	84.8 ± 1.1 (103)	83.13 ± 1.2 (89)	82.53 ± 1.3 (79)	82.53 ± 1.4 (73)	<0.001	0.012	0.007
HPF	87.1 ± 1.1 (103)	85.63,4 ± 1.2 (98)	84.93,4 ± 1.2 (89)	84.93,4 ± 1.2 (80)	—	—	—
Body fat, %
LPF	44.4 ± 0.8 (103)	—	—	43.13 ± 1.0 (71)	—	0.462	—
HPF	42.8 ± 0.8 (103)	—	—	41.83 ± 1.0 (79)	—	—	—
PP analysis
Weight, kg
LPF	85.8 ± 0.3 (68)	84.75 ± 0.3 (68)	84.35 ± 0.3 (68)	84.05 ± 0.3 (68)	<0.001	0.023	0.004
HPF	85.7 ± 0.3 (65)	84.05 ± 0.3 (65)	83.05,6 ± 0.3 (65)	82.45,6 ± 0.3 (65)	—	—	—
Body fat, %
LPF	43.2 ± 0.2 (68)	—	—	42.15 ± 0.2 (68)	<0.001	0.531	0.572
HPF	43.2 ± 0.2 (65)	—	—	41.95 ± 0.2 (65)	—	—	—

¹Values are estimated marginal means ± SEs, with sample size in parentheses. For all variables except for body weight and % body fat, only the results from the per-protocol analysis are described. D, day of trial; ITT, intent-to-treat; HPF, group provided a high-protein, high-fiber supplement shake; LPF, group provided a low-protein, lower-fiber supplement shake; PP, per-protocol.

²For the ITT analysis, between-group differences were assessed using ANCOVA, with time as a within-participants fixed effect, group as a between-participants fixed effect, and their interaction. For the PP analysis, noncompliant participants were removed, and data modeled using generalized least-squares regression with the same main and interaction effects, but with both baseline value (taken at D0) and sex as covariates. 

³Different from day 0, P < 0.05 (Wilcoxon signed-rank test).

⁴Different from LPF at that time, P < 0.05 (Wilcoxon signed-rank test).

⁵Different from day 0, P < 0.05 (Tukey-adjusted within-participant comparison).

⁶Different from LPF at that time, P < 0.05 (Tukey-adjusted between-group comparison).