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. 2022 May 26;14(11):2637. doi: 10.3390/cancers14112637

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Origins of ovarian cancer-associated fibroblasts. CAFs are important components in the tumor microenvironment and may potentially derive from several cellular sources, including normal fibroblasts (which can convert into CAFs via activation), epithelial cells (through EMT), smooth muscle cells (through trans-differentiation), adipocytes (through trans-differentiation), endothelial cells (EndMT), and bone marrow MSCs (through EMT, recruitment, and activation), among other cells. Image created with BioRender.com (accessed on 19 April 2022). CAFs: cancer-associated fibroblasts; EMT: epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; EndMT: endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition; MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells.