. 2022 May 29;12(11):1398. doi: 10.3390/ani12111398

Table 3.

Effect of concentrate supplementation on rumen fermentation parameters of grazing yaks during the warm season.

Items ¹	Group ²		SEM ³	p-Value
Items ¹	GY	GYS	SEM ³	p-Value
pH	7.40	6.86	0.794	<0.001
NH₃-N, mg/dL	8.10	10.42	0.383	0.001
MCP, mg/L	2.07	2.75	0.116	0.002
TVFA, mmol/L	67.98	80.76	1.252	<0.001
VFA, %
Acetate	76.44	68.80	0.658	<0.001
Propionate	15.06	19.29	0.487	0.004
Isobutyrate	1.22	1.60	0.094	0.007
Butyrate	5.65	9.31	0.381	0.002
Isovalerate	1.01	1.74	0.012	0.001
Valerate	0.61	1.23	0.117	0.002
A:P	5.07	3.08	0.117	<0.001

¹ NH3-N: ammonia–N, MCP: microbial protein, TVFA: total volatile fat acid, A:P: acetate acid/propionate acid. ² GY: grazing group, GYS: concentrate supplement group. ³ SEM: standard error of the mean.