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. 2022 May 30;14(11):2711. doi: 10.3390/cancers14112711

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Induction of cancer hallmarks by hypoxia and HIF-1α in gastric cancer. Hypoxia induces sustained growth factor signaling and evasion from growth suppressors, resistance to apoptosis, replicative immortality, angiogenesis, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition in gastric cancer. Processes for which there is specific evidence in gastric cancer are shown in blue. Processes common in different cancers are shown in light pink. Upregulation or downregulation of specific proteins is shown with an upward or downward arrow, respectively. The figures were drawn in Inkscape 1.1.2.