Table 1.
Reference summary from previous cattle muzzle identification studies.
| Cattle Type | Image Size (Pixels) | Image Type | Restrained | Cattle Counts | Images per Cattle | Total Images | Identification Method | Accuracy (%) | Processing Time (ms/Image) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dairy | Printed | Y | 6 | Manual | [16] | |||||
| Printed | Y | − | 200 | Manual | − | [17] | ||||
| − | Printed | Y | 65 | − | Manual | [18] | ||||
| Beef | 256 × 256 | Grayscale | Y | − | 43 | DIP | 46.5 | [31] | ||
| Beef | 320 × 240 | Printed | Y | 29 | 10 | 290 | ML | 98.9 | [12] | |
| Beef | 200 × 200 | Grayscale | 8 | 10 | 80 | DIP | 90.0 | [32] | ||
| Grayscale | − | 15 | 7 | 105 | DIP | 93.3 | 37–879 | [15] | ||
| Beef | Printed | Y | 20 | 8 | 160 | DIP | 98.3 | [20] | ||
| − | Grayscale | 53 | 20 | 1060 | DIP | − | [19] | |||
| Beef | 300 × 400 | Grayscale | − | 31 | 7 | 217 | ML | 99.5 | [33] | |
| − | RGB | − | 28 | 20 | 560 | ML | 100.0 | − | [25] | |
| − | RGB | − | 52 | 20 | 1040 | ML | 96.0 | [24] | ||
| Beef | RGB | N | 14 | 5 | 70 | DIP | 100.0 | [21] | ||
| Beef | 300 × 400 | Grayscale | 31 | 7 | 217 | ML | 99.5 | [34] | ||
| Beef | 300 × 400 | Grayscale | − | 31 | 7 | 217 | ML | 99.5 | 48–1362 | [23] |
| Beef | RGB | 52 | 6 | 312 | ML | 96.4 | − | [35] | ||
| Dairy | 400 × 400 | RGB | 500 | 10 | 5000 | DIP | 93.9 | [36] | ||
| Dairy | 200 × 200 | RGB | 500 | 10 | 5000 | ML | 94.9 | [37] | ||
| Dairy | 200 × 200 | RGB | 500 | 10 | 5000 | DL | 98.9 | [27] | ||
| Dairy | 200 × 200 | RGB | − | 500 | 10 | 5000 | ML | 93.9 | [38] | |
| Dairy | RGB | N | 15 | 7 | 105 | ML | 93.0 | 368–1193 | [30] | |
| Beef | RGB | Y | 60 | 5–10 | 460 | DIP | 98.1 | [39] | ||
| Beef | − | RGB | 45 | 20 | 900 | ML | 96.5 | [40] | ||
| Beef | RGB | Y | 431 | 1600 | ML | 95.0 | − | [41] | ||
| Dairy | 200 × 200 | RGB | 400 | 10 | 4000 | DL | 98.9 | [28] | ||
| Beef | 1024 × 1024 | RGB | Y | 300 | 2900 | DL | 99.1 | − | [29] | |
| Dairy | 64 × 64 | RGB | 186 | 5 | 930 | ML | 83.4 | − | [13] |
Note: ‘’ indicates that information was not provided. DIP, digital image processing; ML, machine learning; DL, deep learning. Cattle species include beef cattle and dairy cattle. Image type is categorized as printed (samples are obtained from a direct compress with cattle noses and then scanned or photographed to form electronic images), grayscale with one-channel data captured directly from cameras, and RGB with three-channel (red, green, and blue) data. ‘Y’ indicates that the animal was restrained during data collection, while ‘N’ indicates that it was not.