(a,b) Indicated THP-1 cells were treated with VP-OMe (1 mM, 14 h) (a) or varying doses of CQ31 or VbP (b) before assaying cell viability by CTG and CTF assays. (c) HEK 293T cells were treated with vehicle control (DMSO), CQ31 (10 μM), or VbP (10 μM) for 6 h before intracellular metabolites were extracted, and dipeptide concentrations were measured by LC-MS. Data in a (n = 4) and b,c (n = 3) are means ± SEM of the indicated replicates. Data in a and b are representative of three or more independent experiments.