Table 4.
The risk of unfavorable outcome three months after injury: univariate analysis by binary logistic regression.
| Unfavorable Outcome (GOS 1–3) at 3 Months after Injury | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | p-Value | OR | 95% CI for OR | |
| Lower | Upper | |||
| Moderate head injury (GCS 9–12) | - | ref | - | - |
| Severe head injury (GCS 3–8) | 0.002 | 23.88 | 3.09 | 184.36 |
| Mild head injury (GCS 13–15) | 0.998 | 0 a | 0 | - |
| Female | - | ref | - | - |
| Male | 0.156 | 0.42 | 0.13 | 1.39 |
| Type of fracture (Close fracture) | - | ref | - | - |
| Type of fracture (Open fracture) | 0.76 | 1.41 | 0.16 | 12.4 |
| Type of fracture (No fracture) | 0.147 | 0.42 | 0.13 | 1.35 |
| Trauma diagnosis (Epidural hematoma) | - | - | - | - |
| Trauma diagnosis (Subdural hematoma) | 0.379 | 1.61 | 0.56 | 4.66 |
| Trauma diagnosis (Intracerebral hematoma) | 0.388 | 0.39 | 0.05 | 3.29 |
| Trauma diagnosis (Chronic) | 0.563 | 0.53 | 0.06 | 4.52 |
| Referral admission (No) | - | ref | - | - |
| Referral admission (Yes) | 0.849 | 1.11 | 0.39 | 3.1 |
| Polytrauma (No) | - | ref | - | - |
| Polytrauma (Yes) | 0.295 | 1.98 | 0.55 | 7.13 |
| Age group (<20 y) | - | ref | - | - |
| Age group (20–34 y) | 0.177 | 4.21 | 0.52 | 33.99 |
| Age group (35–49 y) | 0.385 | 2.96 | 0.26 | 34.32 |
| Age group (> or =50 y) | 0.356 | 2.86 | 0.31 | 26.53 |
| Surgery type (Burr-hole trephination) | - | ref | - | - |
| Surgery type (Craniotomy) | 0.437 | 2.26 | 0.29 | 17.75 |
| ISS groups (ISS < 25) | - | ref | - | - |
| ISS groups (ISS ≥ 25) | 0.172 | 4.16 | 0.54 | 32.22 |
| Time from injury to admission (Hours) | 0.589 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Time from admission to surgery (Hours) | 0.453 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 1.02 |
Abbreviations: GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; GOS, Glasgow Outcome Scale; ISS, Injury Severity Score; OR, Odds ratio; CI, Confidence interval; Findings with p-value ≤ 0.1 are highlighted in bold; a For mild head injury, there was no case suffered unfavorable outcome.