Table 3.
Two-way fixed effects models predicting the effects of current economic activity type and voluntary participation on mental health (reversed GHQ−12) for men and women.
| Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 | Model 8 | Model 9 | Model 10 | Model 11 | Model 12 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | |
| Current economic activity (ref. = employed) | ||||||||
| Unemployed | −2.46 *** (0.16) |
−1.48 *** (0.15) |
−2.46 *** (0.16) |
−1.48 *** (0.15) |
−2.47 *** (0.16) |
−1.53 *** (0.16) |
−2.47 *** (0.16) |
−1.53 *** (0.16) |
| Family care | −1.24 *** (0.35) |
−0.59 *** (0.10) |
−1.25 *** (0.35) |
−0.59 *** (0.10) |
−1.43 *** (0.38) |
−0.66 *** (0.11) |
−1.44 *** (0.38) |
−0.66 *** (0.11) |
| Long-term sick | −4.53 *** (0.31) |
−3.15 *** (0.26) |
−4.53 *** (0.31) |
−3.15 *** (0.26) |
−4.70 *** (0.33) |
−3.19 *** (0.28) |
−4.70 *** (0.33) |
−3.20 *** (0.28) |
| Unpaid work | −0.74 * (0.31) |
−0.46 + (0.26) |
−0.74 * (0.31) |
−0.46 + (0.26) |
−0.55 (0.35) |
−0.86 ** (0.31) |
−0.54 (0.35) |
−0.87 ** (0.31) |
| Volunteer behavior | 0.04 (0.07) |
0.26 *** (0.07) |
−0.01 (0.08) |
0.17 * (0.07) |
||||
| Volunteer frequency(ref. = no) | ||||||||
| Less than once per month | 0.02 (0.10) |
0.15 (0.10) |
0.03 (0.10) |
0.14 (0.10) |
||||
| Once per month or more | 0.06 (0.09) |
0.33 *** (0.08) |
−0.04 (0.10) |
0.20 * (0.09) |
||||
| Current economic activity × Volunteer behavior | ||||||||
| Unemployed × Yes | 0.07 (0.30) |
0.20 (0.33) |
||||||
| Family care × Yes | 1.29 + (0.69) |
0.39 * (0.18) |
||||||
| Long-term sick × Yes | 1.37 * (0.57) |
0.23 (0.46) |
||||||
| Unpaid work × Yes | −0.72 (0.70) |
1.49 ** (0.50) |
||||||
| Interaction: Current economic activity × Volunteer frequency | ||||||||
| Unemployed × Less than once per month | −0.05 (0.56) |
0.02 (0.69) |
||||||
| Unemployed × Once per month or more | 0.15 (0.35) |
0.25 (0.36) |
||||||
| Family care × Less than once per month | −0.28 (1.23) |
0.01 (0.33) |
||||||
| Family care × Once per month or more | 1.79 * (0.75) |
0.50 * (0.20) |
||||||
| Long-term sick × Less than once per month | −0.37 (1.05) |
−0.49 (0.79) |
||||||
| Long-term sick × Once per month or more | 2.02 ** (0.62) |
0.56 (0.54) |
||||||
| Unpaid work × Less than once per month | −0.94 (1.40) |
1.22 (0.83) |
||||||
| Unpaid work × Once per month or more | −0.62 (0.74) |
1.56 ** (0.55) |
||||||
| Constant | 23.88 *** (0.74) |
20.69 *** (0.86) |
23.88 *** (0.74) |
20.68 *** (0.86) |
23.91 *** (0.74) |
20.70 *** (0.86) |
23.90 *** (0.74) |
20.69 *** (0.86) |
| Waves dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Observations | 56,611 | 70,794 | 56,611 | 70,794 | 56,611 | 70,794 | 56,611 | 70,794 |
| Number of respondents | 21,721 | 25,886 | 21,721 | 25,886 | 21,721 | 25,886 | 21,721 | 25,886 |
| R 2 | 0.035 | 0.023 | 0.035 | 0.023 | 0.035 | 0.024 | 0.036 | 0.024 |
Note. All models controlled for age, age squared, marital status, presence of children, household income, and presence of longstanding illness. Robust standard errors in parentheses. + p < 0.1, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.