Table 2.
Summary of included articles.
| First Author | Year | Country of Study | Population | Ethnicity | Methodology | Data Collection Approach | Main Framework Pathway/s Captured and Outcome Reported |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al-Awaida [23] | 2021 | Jordan | Refugees seeking asylum | Syrian | Quantitative | Survey (n = 2380) | Differential adverse consequences of control measures. Demonstrated a high prevalence of PTSD, in which PTSD showed incidence of 82.5% and 66.5% in Syrian refugees and Jordanian populations, respectively. |
| Alsharif [24] | 2021 | Saudi Arabia | Undocumented migrants | Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia | Qualitative | Interview (n = 15) | Differential disease consequences and differential effectiveness of control measures. Undocumented migrants do not access health care due to fear of deportation. |
| Aragona [25] | 2021 | Italy | Asylum seekers, refugees, and forced and undocumented migrants. | Africa, Europe, Middle East, South/Central America, and Asia | Quantitative | Survey (n = 81) | Differential adverse consequences of control measures. Mental health treatment adherence negatively impacted by COVID-19, 32% discontinued pharmacological treatment, and 52% discontinued psychotherapy. |
| Aragona [26] | 2020 | Italy | Asylum seekers, refugees, forced migrants, undocumented migrants | Africa, Europe, Middle East, South/Central America, and Asia | Quantitative | Electronic medical record data (n = 555) | Differential adverse consequences of control measures. Mental health follow-up treatment attendance shows higher decline compared to previous years (30% in 2020 vs. 17% in 2017–2019). |
| Aung [27] | 2021 | Malaysia | Refugees seeking asylum | Rohingya | Quantitative | Survey (n = 283) | Differential vulnerability to infection. Demonstrated high health and social vulnerabilities for the COVID-19 infection. |
| Baggio [28] | 2021 | Switzerland | Undocumented migrants | N/A | Quantitative | Survey (n = 215) | Differential vulnerability to infection and differential disease consequences. Proportion of positive tests significantly higher among undocumented migrants (32.1% vs. 23.6%) compared to host population. |
| Banati [29] | 2020 | Lebanon | Refugees seeking asylum | Syrian and Palestinian | Qualitative | Interview (n = 100) | Differential adverse consequences of control measures. COVID-19 compounds pre-existing disadvantage: issues in getting food and supplies, intra-family problems, fear of violence and scapegoating, anxiety about the future, social isolation, lack of privacy worsening. |
| Bigelow [30] | 2021 | United States | Undocumented migrants | Latinx | Quantitative | Electronic medical record (n = 1786) | Differential exposure and differential disease consequences. Highest positivity rate detected among Latinx at (31.5%) 10 times higher than whites. |
| Blackburn [31] | 2021 | United States | Undocumented migrants and service providers | Hispanic | Qualitative | Interview (n = 13) | Differential adverse consequences of control measures. Anti-immigrant rhetoric has made undocumented migrants less willing to access healthcare. |
| Budak [32] | 2020 | Turkey | Asylum seekers | Syrian | Quantitative | Survey (n = 414) | Differential disease consequences. Some groups underestimate seriousness of COVID-19; not enough information or PPE is available. |
| Burton [7] | 2020 | Switzerland | Undocumented migrants | Latin American, Asia, Africa, and Non-EU Europe | Mixed methods | Survey (n =117) and interview (n = 17) | Differential disease consequences, differential social consequences and differential adverse consequences of control measures. Identified high prevalence of exposure to COVID-19, poor mental health along with frequent avoidance of health care, and loss of work and income. |
| Cervantes [33] | 2021 | United States | Undocumented migrants | Latinx | Qualitative | Interview (n = 60) | Differential exposure, differential social consequences, and differential effectiveness of control measures. Patients who survived hospitalisation described initial disease misinformation and economic and immigration fears as having driven exposure and delays in presentation. |
| Deal [34] | 2021 | United Kingdom | Asylum seekers and undocumented migrants | Africa, Venezuela, Eastern Mediterranean and Europe, and Sri Lanka | Qualitative | Interview (n = 32) | Differential exposure, differential social consequences, and differential effectiveness of control measures. Majority are hesitant in accepting vaccines and facing multiple unique barriers to access (lack of accessible information and poor health literacy, fear of deportation, distrust). |
| Devillanova [35] | 2020 | Italy | Undocumented migrants | n/A | Quantitative | Survey (n = 1590) | Differential exposure, differential disease consequences, and differential effectiveness of control measures. Lockdown triggered sharp reduction in health visits, increased number of presentations with COVID-19 symptoms, shutdown of outpatient clinics, and patients reporting deteriorating housing conditions. |
| Fiorini [36] | 2020 | Italy | Undocumented migrants | Africa, Asia, Latin America, Eastern Europe | Quantitative | Survey (n = 272) | Differential exposure, differential vulnerability to infection, and differential disease consequences. All had risk factors and predispositions that increased severity and outcomes. |
| Gosselin [37] | 2021 | France | Undocumented migrants and asylum seekers | Sub-Saharan Africa | Quantitative | Survey (n = 100) | Differential effectiveness of control measures and differential adverse consequences of control measures. Food insecurity was more often reported during lockdown than before (62% vs. 52%) and increased rate of severe depression post lockdown. |
| Hajjar [38] | 2021 | Lebanon | Refugees seeking asylum | Syrian | Quantitative | Survey (n = 129) | Differential exposure and differential adverse consequences of control measures. Documented massive job loss and reduced wages, discontinued education for children, and high stress and anxiety due to lack of assistance. |
| Hamadneh [39] | 2021 | Jordan | Refugees seeking asylum | Syrian | Quantitative | Survey (n = 389) | Differential effectiveness of control measures. Refugee mothers were knowledgeable about COVID-19 transmission and prevention but lacked knowledge about transmission between mother and child and smoking risks associated with COVID-19. |
| Karajerjian [40] | 2021 | Lebanon | Refugees seeking asylum | Syrian | Qualitative | FGD and interview (n = 50) | Differential exposure and differential adverse consequences of control measures. COVID-19 compounds disadvantage and mental health issues for refugee women already in precarious situations. Fear and anxiety about the disease is high, and access to healthcare is uncertain. |
| Kondilis [41] | 2021 | Greece | Asylum seekers and refugees | N/A | Quantitative | Retrospective surveillance data | Differential disease consequences. Twenty-five COVID-19 outbreaks were identified in refugee and asylum-seeker reception facilities. |
| Longchamps [42] | 2021 | France | Undocumented migrants | Europe, Africa, Eastern Mediterranean | Quantitative | Survey (n = 240) | Differential vulnerability to infection and differential effectiveness of control measures. Reported significant vaccine hesitancy (41%). |
| MacCarthy [43] | 2020 | United States | Undocumented migrants, asylum and humanitarian visa holders | Latinx | Mixed methods | Survey and interview (n = 52) | Differential adverse consequences of control measures Participants reported increased interpersonal conflict and alcohol consumption due to lockdown; disruption in accessing medical care, job loss, and no assistance for those undocumented. |
| Martuscelli [44] | 2020 | Brazil | Refugees seeking asylum | Syria, DRC, Guyana, Venezuela | Qualitative | Interview (n = 29) | Differential adverse consequences of control measures. Refugees are affected by border closures and their rights to documentation, healthcare, and social assistance (state emergency benefit) are violated. |
| Martuscelli [45] | 2021 | Brazil | Refugees seeking asylum | Syria, DRC, Guyana, Venezuela | Qualitative | Interview (n = 29) | Differential exposure, differential effectiveness of control measures, and differential adverse consequences of control measures. Continued lack of culturally and linguistically adapted information makes accessing services difficult. |
| Quandt [46] | 2020 | United States | Undocumented migrants, mixed-status families, and residents | Latinx | Mixed methods | Survey (n = 105) | Differential exposure, differential effectiveness of control measures, and differential adverse consequences of control measures. Families engaged in frequent interpersonal contact that could expose community members and themselves to COVID-19. |
| Quandt [47] | 2021 | United States | Undocumented migrants, mixed-status families, and residents | Latinx | Mixed methods | Survey (n =105) | Differential exposure, differential effectiveness of control measures, and differential adverse consequences of control measures. Rural workers reported fewer workplace protective measures for COVID-19. Fear and anxiety, particularly about finances and children, dominated their experiences. |
| Redditt [48] | 2020 | Canada | Asylum seekers | N/A | Quantitative | COVID-19 outbreak management data (n = 60) | Differential effectiveness of control measures and differential disease consequences. Documented a very high rate of infection in a humanitarian shelter (41.7% of tested residents are positive). |
| Reynolds [49] | 2021 | Mexico | Asylum seekers and service provides | El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, Mexico, Cuba, Bolivia, and Guatemala | Qualitative | Interview (n = 30) | Differential effectiveness of control measures and differential adverse consequences of control measures. COVID-19 caused mental health burdens and less adherence to disease-reduction strategies. Control measures created distrust and decreased health care services use. |
| Sabri [50] | 2021 | United States | Undocumented immigrants and service providers | Asian, Latina, African | Qualitative | Interview (n = 62) | Differential adverse consequences of control measures. COVID-19 is connected to increased intimate partner violence, and assistance is not available to undocumented women. |
| Serafini [51] | 2021 | United States | Undocumented migrants | Hispanic | Quantitative | Survey (n = 35) | Differential adverse consequences of control measures. Participants reported worsened anxiety (49%) and depression (46%) levels due to the pandemic. |
| Terp [52] | 2021 | United States | Undocumented migrants | N/A | Quantitative | Review of death reports (n = 35) | Differential vulnerability to infection and differential disease consequences. COVID-19 is a leading cause of death rate among undocumented migrants. |
| Turunen [53] | 2021 | Finland | Asylum seekers | N/A | Quantitative | Screening tool + medical record review and interviews (n = 260) | Differential exposure and differential disease consequences. High COVID-19 infection rate identified among asylum seekers. |