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E-cigarette vaping as a risk factor for potential complications during orthodontically-induced tooth movement. Possible biological mechanisms and clinical considerations. Abbreviations: VG, vegetable glycerin; PG, propylene glycol; CBD, cannabidiol; THC, tetrahydrocannabinol; FC, flavoring chemicals; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand, OTM, orthodontic tooth movement; OIIRR, orthodontically-induced inflammatory root resorption.
