Table 2.
Association between the adherence to the three a priori dietary patterns and percentage fat mass, percentage muscle mass, body mass index, and waist circumference in the 362 EPIC-Florence participants, with follow-up dietary information.
| Low Adherence I Tertile |
Medium Adherence II Tertile |
Good Adherence III Tertile |
p Trend | Standardized Score Adherence (Continuous) c |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italian Mediterranean Diet | |||||
| Adherence score range (n. subj.) | 0–2 (65) | 3–4 (151) | 5–9 (146) | ||
| % fat mass (mean, SD) | 35.7 (5.8) | 33.2 (6.4) | 31.8 (6.8) | ||
| β (95%CI) a | 1 | −2.65 (−4.51; −0.79) | −3.62 (−5.48; −1.76) | <0.0001 | −1.25 (−1.90; −0.60) |
| β (95%CI) b | 1 | −2.47 (−4.32; −0.63) | −3.41 (−5.25; −1.57) | 0.001 | −1.13 (−1.77; −0.48) |
| % muscle mass (mean, SD) | 61.0 (5.5) | 63.4 (6.0) | 64.7 (6.5) | ||
| β (95%CI) a | 1 | 2.51 (0.74; 4.3.) | 3.42 (1.66; 5.19) | <0.0001 | 1.18 (0.56; 1.80) |
| β (95%CI) b | 1 | 2.34 (0.59; 4.10) | 3.23 (1.48; 4.97) | 0.001 | 1.07 (0.45; 1.68) |
| Body mass index (mean, SD) | 28.3 (4.3) | 26.9 (4.7) | 26.0 (4.8) | ||
| β (95%CI) a | 1 | −1.38 (−2.72; −0.03) | −2.19 (−3.53; −0.85) | 0.002 | −0.88 (−1.34; −0.41) |
| β (95%CI) b | 1 | −1.19 (−2.50; 0.12) | −1.97 (−3.27; −0.66) | 0.003 | −0.76 (−1.22; −0.31) |
| Waist Circumference (mean, SD) | 89.0 (10.9) | 85.1 (11.7) | 83.0 (11.5) | ||
| β (95%CI) a | 1 | −3.83 (−7.13; −0.53) | −5.31 (−8.60; −2.02) | 0.003 | −2.13 (−3.28; −0.98) |
| β (95%CI) b | 1 | −3.44 (−6.70; −0.19) | −4.86 (−8.09; −1.62) | 0.005 | −1.89 (−3.02; −0.76) |
| Greek Modified Mediterranean Diet | |||||
| Adherence score range (n. subj.) | 0–3 (112) | 4–5 (147) | 6–8 (103) | ||
| % fat mass (mean, SD) | 33.9 (6.1) | 33.5 (6.2) | 31.7 (7.4) | ||
| β (95%CI) a | 1 | 0.15 (−1.75; 1.45) | −1.89 (−3.63; −0.14) | 0.04 | −0.70 (−1.37; −0.04) |
| β (95%CI) b | 1 | 0.10 (−1.48; 1.68) | −1.25 (−3.00; 0.51) | 0.17 | −0.47 (−1.14; 0.20) |
| % muscle mass (mean, SD) | 62.8 (5.8) | 63.1 (5.9) | 64.8 (7.0) | ||
| β (95%CI) a | 1 | 0.13 (−1.38; 1.65) | 1.77 (0.12; 3.43) | 0.04 | 0.66 (0.03; 1.30) |
| β (95%CI) b | 1 | −0.11 (−1.61; 1.39) | 1.17 (−0.50; 2.83) | 0.18 | 0.44 (−0.20; 1.07) |
| Body mass index (mean, SD) | 27.9 (4.6) | 26.7 (4.4) | 25.9 (5.2) | ||
| β (95%CI) a | 1 | −0.90 (−2.04; 0.24) | −1.66 (−2.91; −0.41) | 0.01 | −0.59 (−1.06; −0.11) |
| β (95%CI) b | 1 | −0.66 (−1.77; 0.46) | −1.10 (−2.33; 0.14) | 0.08 | −0.39 (−0.87; 0.08) |
| Waist Circumference (mean, SD) | 87.1 (11.8) | 84.9 (11.0) | 82.9 (12.1) | ||
| β (95%CI) a | 1 | −1.53 (−4.34; 1.28) | −3.48 (−6.56; −0.41) | 0.03 | −1.18 (−2.35; 0.002) |
| β (95%CI) b | 1 | −1.01 (−3.78; 1.75) | −2.26 (−5.34; 0.81) | 0.15 | −0.74 (−1.92; 0.43) |
| Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) | |||||
| Adherence score range (n. subj.) | 14–23 (107) | 24–27 (126) | 28–37 (129) | ||
| % fat mass (mean, SD) | 33.8 (6.2) | 33.1 (6.4) | 32.5 (7.1) | ||
| β (95%CI) a | 1 | −0.65 (−2.33; 1.03) | −1.04 (−2.74; 0.67) | 0.24 | −0.60 (−1.28; 0.08) |
| β (95%CI) b | 1 | −0.18 (−1.86; 1.49) | −0.41 (−2.12; 1.30) | 0.63 | −0.39 (−1.07; 0.29) |
| % muscle mass (mean, SD) | 62.9 (5.8) | 63.4 (6.1) | 64.1 (6.7) | ||
| β (95%CI) a | 1 | 0.61 (−0.99; 2.20) | 0.98 (−0.64; 2.59) | 0.24 | 0.57 (−0.08; 1.21) |
| β (95%CI) b | 1 | 0.17 (−1.42; 1.76) | 0.38 (−1.24; 2.01) | 0.64 | 0.36 (−0.28; 1.01) |
| Body mass index (mean, SD) | 27.4 (4.4) | 27.0 (4.9) | 26.2 (4.8) | ||
| β (95%CI) a | 1 | −0.41 (−1.62; 0.79) | −1.06 (−2.28; 0.16) | 0.09 | −0.39 (−0.88; 0.09) |
| β (95%CI) b | 1 | 0.04 (−1.14; 1.22) | −0.48 (−1.69; 0.72) | 0.41 | −0.18 (−0.66; 0.30) |
| Waist Circumference (mean, SD) | 87.4 (12.0) | 84.7 (11.9) | 83.4 (10.8) | ||
| β (95%CI) a | 1 | −2.48 (−5.42; 0.46) | −3.53 (−6.51; −0.55) | 0.02 | −1.53 (−2.54; −0.17) |
| β (95%CI) b | 1 | −1.60 (−4.52; 1.33) | −2.36 (−5.34; 0.62) | 0.12 | −0.93 (−2.11; 0.25) |
a Regression model adjusted for age (years, continuous), height (cm), smoking habits (dummy variables for current and former smokers, never-smokers as reference category), number of children (categorical), educational level (dummy variables for high school and university, none/primary school as reference category) and time from menopause (years, continuous). b Regression model further adjusted for sitting time (categorical variable for ≤2 h/day, >2–≤4 h/day, >4 h/day), recreational activity (MET-hours/week, continuous) and household activity (MET-hours/week, continuous). c The regression coefficient (β) represents the adjusted difference in body composition measures between two consecutive standardized values of adherence to the three patterns.