Sample |
Sample is a group of athletes, in the sport; performance is score, outcome of that sport. |
Sample is like the high category, but sport outcome is like the low category or vice versa. |
Sample includes recreational athletes, but not in a realistic sport context, and/or performance is based on assessment of a skill rather than a game statistic or sport outcome. |
Random selection |
Stated random selection occurred from a much larger group (e.g., from all athletes at an event). |
Random selection occurred within a group of athletes (e.g., college team at an event). |
No random selection of any kind stated. |
Nonresponse |
Appears most participants completed the measures. |
Some non response occurred. |
Seems most did not do it, e.g., a big race, subjects recruited at the race, most likely most did not do it. |
Direct collection |
Yes, all in person. |
A mix of online and in person. |
All online or mail. |
Confidence measure |
Study level reliability presented. |
Valid and reliable measure (e.g., all except the 1-item measure) but study level reliability not presented. |
Made up confidence measure. |
Sport measure |
Event time, win–loss, outcome, golf score, judge rated (gymnastics). |
Participant statistics. |
Self or other rated subjective, or vague (good vs. bad performers), team selection. |
Data collection |
Yes, all the same. |
No option for a medium rating. |
A mix of ways (e.g., individual for some, in large groups of others). |
Anonymity |
Yes, stated. |
Participants presented informed consent. |
Not stated in methodology. |
Time |
≤15 min |
16–60 min |
>1 h |