Table 2.
Study characteristics.
| Participant Characteristics | Confidence and Performance Characteristics | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Age (yr.) | Ctry. | N | % Male | Sport | Confidence | Performance |
| Armes Alejo [37] | 17.00, 22.60 | BR | 60 | NA | Boxing | CSAI-2 | Medalists, non-medalists |
| Barnes et al. [38] | College | US | 13 | 100 | Swim | CSAI-2 | Event time |
| Beattie et al. [39] | 22.50 | UK | 81 | 76.54 | Canoeing | CSAI-2 | Event time |
| Bejek & Hagtvet [8] | Adolescent | HU | 20 | 0 | Gymnastics | CSAI-2 | Event score |
| Bejek & Hagtvet [8] | Adolescent | HU | 49 | 0 | Gymnastics | CSAI-2 | Event score |
| Bird & Horn [40] | 14.00–17.00 | US | 161 | 0 | Softball | CSAI-2 | Coach rating of athlete mental errors |
| Bueno et al. [41] | 31.01 | ES | 90 | 88.89 | Endurance | CSAI-2 | Successful, not successful achieving objective |
| Burton 1988 [42] | 18.00–23.00 | US | 28 | 53.57 | Swim | CSAI-2 | Event performance compared to personal best |
| Burton 1988 [42] | 17.40 | US | 70 | 44.28 | Swim | CSAI-2 | Event performance compared to personal best |
| Chapman et al. [43] | 21.23 | UK | 142 | 100 | Taekwondo | CSAI-2 | Winners, losers |
| Cox et al. [44] | NR | US | 248 | 75.81 | Basketball | ARS-2 | Margin of victory |
| Draper et al. [3] | 25.60 | NZ | 20 | 60 | Rock climbing | CSAI-2R | Completed route, not completed route |
| Edwards & Hardy [45] | 21.80 | UK | 45 | 0 | Netball | CSAI-2 | Athlete rated performance |
| Gayton & Nickless [46] | 34.74 | US | 35 | 71.42 | Running | TSCI | Event time |
| Hassmén et al. [4] | 21.00 | SE | 8 | 100 | Golf | CSAI-2 | Season score average |
| Heazlewood & Burke [47] | NR | AU | 416 | NA | Triathlon | CSAI-2 | Event time |
| Iso-Ahola & Blanchard [48] | NR | US | 73 | 78.08 | Racquetball | 1-item | Athlete standard-winners, losers |
| Jerome & Williams [9] | 41.00 | US | 143 | 62.94 | Bowling | CSAI-2 | Event performance compared to league average |
| Jones et al. 1993 [49] | 14.00–16.00 | UK | 48 | 0 | Gymnastics | CSAI-2 | Good performers, poor performers |
| Kais et al. 2004 [50] | 28.20 | EE | 66 | 100 | Volleyball | CSAI-2 | Expert rating of athlete performance |
| Kais et al. 2005 [10] | NR | EE | 24 | NA | Team sports | CSAI-2 (Int.) | Coach rating of athlete performance |
| Laborde et al. [51] | 23.88 | DE | 28 | 53.57 | Tennis | CSAI-2 | Tennis serving errors |
| Lautenbach et al. [52] | 24.04 | DE | 23 | 56.52 | Tennis | CSAI-2 | Tennis serving errors |
| Levy et al. [53] | 21.63 | UK | 415 | 53.49 | NR | SSCI | Athlete rated performance satisfaction |
| Martin et al. [54] | 16.00 | US | 73 | 100 | Running | SSCI | Event time |
| Maynard & Howe [55] | 19.00–24.00 | CA | 22 | 100 | Rugby | CSAI-2 | Coach rating of athlete performance |
| McAuley [7] | College | US | 7 | 0 | Golf | CSAI-2 | Event score |
| McCann et al. [56] | 19–26 | US | 42 | 92.86 | Cycling | CSAI-2 | Time maintained pace |
| Nicholls et al. [57] | 21.30 | UK | 307 | 73.28 | Mix | CSAI-2R | Athlete rated performance satisfaction |
| Perreault & Marisi [58] | 25–40 | CA | 37 | 100 | Basketball | CSAI-2 | Event performance statistics |
| Pessoa da Costa et al. [59] | 17.00 | BR | 16 | 100 | B. volleyball | CSAI-2R | Performance statistics |
| Pinto & Vázquez [60] | 16.14 | AR | 77 | 81.82 | Golf | CSAI-2 | Event placement |
| Psychountaki & Zervas [61] | 11.20 | GR | 143 | 53.85 | Swim | SSCQ-C | Coach rating of athlete performance |
| Rodrigo et al. [62] | 18.00–31.00 | UY | 51 | 100 | Soccer | CSAI-2 | Athlete and observer rated performance |
| Sanchez et al. [63] | 24.60 | GB | 19 | 100 | Rock climbing | CSAI-2 | Event score |
| Swain & Jones [64] | 21.10 | UK | 10 | 100 | Basketball | CSAI-1 | Performance statistics |
| Terry & Slade [5] | 25.35 | UK | 199 | 100 | Karate | CSAI-2 | Winners, losers |
| Terry & Youngs [65] | 20.40 | UK | 128 | 50 | Field hockey | CSAI-2 | Team selection |
| Terry et al. [21] | 19.90 | UK | 100 | 32 | Tennis | CSAI-2 | Winners, losers |
| Totterdell [66] | 26.00 | UK | 33 | 100 | Cricket | UWIST | Batting/bowling average |
| Tsopani et al. [67] | 11.50 | GR | 74 | 0 | Gymnastics | CSAI-2 | Event score |
| Vadocz et al. [68] | 15.39 | UK | 57 | 59.65 | Roller skating | CSAI-2 | Medalists, non-medalists |
| Zienius et al. [6] | 16.70 | LT | 10 | 100 | Golf | CSAI-2 | Event score |
Bold country abbreviation = study written in non-English. Country abbreviations: Country (Ctry.), Australia (AU), Argentina (AR), Brazil (BR), Canada (CA), Estonia (EE), Germany (DE), Greece (GR), Hungary (HU), Lithuania (LT), New Zealand (NZ), Spain (ES), Sweden (SE), Uruguay (UY), United Kingdom (UK), United States (US); Sport abbreviation: Beach (B). Confidence abbreviations: Cognitive Somatic Anxiety Inventory (CSAI), Revised (R), State Sport Confidence Questionnaire for Children (SSCQ-C), University of Wales Institute of Sciences and Technology (UWIST).