Table 5.

Certainty of Results by Research Question.

Research Question		Certainty Basis		Rating
Q1: What was the overall relationship between a measure of state self-confidence and performance? Moreover, does the risk of individual study bias or across study bias (i.e., publication bias) moderate this relationship? No (not moderated by bias).		We replicated the overall confidence–performance relationship reported by Craft et al. [11] and Woodman and Hardy [12] with different inclusion criteria and many non-overlapping studies. Risk of individual study bias and publication bias had no impact on the overall relationship.		High
Q2: Did Terry’s [20] sport propositions moderate the confidence–performance relationship? Yes.		All compared moderator levels were in line with Terry’s [20] propositions. Individual vs. team findings were consistent with Craft et al. [11] and Woodman and Hardy [12] with many non-overlapping samples. Only inconsistency related to Craft et al. [11] large open vs. closed skill values (incongruent with Terry’s [20] propositions). Unable to replicate Craft et al. [11] given non-overlapping samples.		Moderate to High
Q3: Did the objectivity and reference of the performance measure moderate the confidence–performance relationship? Yes.		Significant difference between objective vs. subjective performance measure although both mean correlation values are small. Similar result with self-referenced vs. other-referenced performance measures.		Moderate
Q4: Did the time of self-confidence assessment prior to performance moderate the confidence–performance relationship? No.		The correlation values and 95% confidence intervals did not differ significantly by time of self-confidence assessment. Failed to replicate Craft et al. [11].		Moderate
Q5: Did selected individual difference variables, namely sex and athlete sport level, moderate the confidence–performance relationship? Yes (sex question).		Our meta-regression results and mean difference values were significant and replicated the Woodman and Hardy [12] finding that sex moderates the confidence–performance relationship.		High
No (sport level, athlete level question).		Small correlation was consistent with Woodman and Hardy [12]. Inconsistent but still wide 95% confidence intervals with the high standard sport level. Consistent with Craft et al. as all our values were small. However, we did not replicate Craft et al. [11] European Club relationship.		Moderate