Table 1.
Descriptions of the main variables.
| Variable | Definition | Data Source |
|---|---|---|
| Mortality | The country-level mortality rate in the interviewing month | COVID-19 Data Repository by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU CSSE COVID-19 Data) |
| IFR | Infection fatality ratio | |
| Population | The natural logarithm term of population | |
| Africa | Households located in Africa (“1” true, “0” false) | |
| Asia | Households located in Asia (“1” true, “0” false) | |
| Europe | Households located in Europe (“1” true, “0” false) | |
| North America | Households located in North America (“1” true, “0” false) | |
| South America | Households located in South America (“1” true, “0” false) | |
| TA | The rate of children’s distance learning by applying TVs and radios since school closures | High Frequency Phone Survey (HFPS) |
| DA | The rate of children’s distance learning by applying apps since the school closures | |
| CA | The rate of children’s distance learning by applying TVs, radios, and apps since school closures | |
| Edu | The school attendance rate of children before school closures | |
| Male | The natural logarithm term of the rate of the male respondents | |
| Size | The number of household members | |
| Time | The interviewing time (ranged from May 2020 to August 2021. In empirical analysis, numbers such as 202,005 are used to represent the interviewing time of May 2020) | |
| GDP | The natural logarithm term of GDP (US dollars) in the year 2019 | World Bank |
| FDI | The natural logarithm term of the net inflow of foreign direct investment (US dollars) | |
| Aging | The natural logarithm term of the percentage of the population with the age older than 64 to the population within the age ranging from 15 to 64. | |
| Home | The stringency of stay-at-home orders (varies from “0” very free to “3” very strict, integers only) | Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT) |
| Work | The stringency of blockade to the workplace (varies from “0” very free to “3” very strict, integers only) | |
| Transport | The stringency of lockdown of the traffic (varies from “0” very free to “2” very strict, integers only) | |
| Lockdown | The comprehensive lockdown index which includes blockade at home, to the workplace, and in traffic. (it is a normalized value ranging from 0 to 1; varies from “0” very free to “1” very strict) |