Table 5.
The robust OLS regression results by adding the lockdown measures.
| TA | DA | TA | DA | TA | DA | TA | DA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mortality | 448.371 *** | 64.103 ** | 331.908 *** | 33.241 | 531.454 *** | 66.413 ** | 462.491 *** | 66.944 ** |
| (69.135) | (29.475) | (65.209) | (56.086) | (106.629) | (26.772) | (78.138) | (25.456) | |
| Home | −0.053 ** | 0.010 | ||||||
| (0.022) | (0.013) | |||||||
| Mortality × Home | −359.591 *** | −13.986 | ||||||
| (100.547) | (20.620) | |||||||
| Work | −0.054 | −0.018 | ||||||
| (0.032) | (0.030) | |||||||
| Mortality × Work | −311.833 ** | 51.905 | ||||||
| (136.188) | (43.526) | |||||||
| Transport | −0.011 | 0.001 | ||||||
| (0.042) | (0.017) | |||||||
| Mortality × Transport | −611.076 *** | −5.227 | ||||||
| (193.534) | (39.294) | |||||||
| Lock average | −0.084 | 0.027 | ||||||
| (0.093) | (0.047) | |||||||
| Mortality × Lock average | −1195.194 *** | −30.648 | ||||||
| (349.896) | (124.807) | |||||||
| GDP | 0.096 ** | 0.025 | 0.097 ** | 0.021 | 0.125 ** | 0.025 | 0.102 ** | 0.026 |
| (0.043) | (0.038) | (0.044) | (0.043) | (0.045) | (0.044) | (0.045) | (0.041) | |
| Population | −0.169 *** | −0.058 * | −0.162 *** | −0.047 | −0.223 *** | −0.055 | −0.185 *** | −0.060 |
| (0.046) | (0.032) | (0.053) | (0.039) | (0.046) | (0.041) | (0.048) | (0.037) | |
| FDI | 0.018 | 0.024 | 0.021 | 0.024 | 0.024 | 0.024 | 0.021 | 0.024 |
| (0.023) | (0.019) | (0.024) | (0.020) | (0.022) | (0.019) | (0.022) | (0.019) | |
| Male | 0.166 | 0.168 ** | 0.102 | 0.116 | 0.305 *** | 0.145 | 0.203 * | 0.161 * |
| (0.102) | (0.078) | (0.095) | (0.083) | (0.102) | (0.085) | (0.110) | (0.087) | |
| Size | −0.022 * | −0.019 *** | −0.017 | −0.023 ** | −0.009 | −0.018 * | −0.015 | −0.017 ** |
| (0.011) | (0.006) | (0.012) | (0.010) | (0.012) | (0.009) | (0.012) | (0.007) | |
| Edu | −0.071 | 0.080 | −0.074 | 0.130 | −0.150 | 0.090 | −0.084 | 0.077 |
| (0.092) | (0.120) | (0.088) | (0.142) | (0.091) | (0.131) | (0.090) | (0.133) | |
| Aging | −0.154 * | 0.058 | −0.156 | 0.046 | −0.139 | 0.056 | −0.145 | 0.058 |
| (0.088) | (0.047) | (0.093) | (0.052) | (0.084) | (0.052) | (0.086) | (0.050) | |
| Time | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.001 * | 0.000 | 0.001 * | 0.000 |
| (0.000) | (0.000) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.000) | (0.001) | (0.000) | |
| Constant | −167.095 | −68.168 | −143.344 | −12.699 | −238.272 * | −53.439 | −208.257 * | −65.600 |
| (99.254) | (81.882) | (105.630) | (110.395) | (121.055) | (88.767) | (113.815) | (92.263) | |
| Continent dummies | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| N | 35 | 34 | 35 | 34 | 35 | 34 | 35 | 34 |
| 0.489 | 0.966 | 0.462 | 0.965 | 0.568 | 0.964 | 0.504 | 0.964 |
Note: (1) Standard errors in parentheses; * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01; (2) “YES” means controlling continental geographical dummies, while “NO” means the geographical dummies are not included in.