TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of the included participants
| Total | Normotension | GH/PE | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | (N = 52 891) | (N = 49 583) | (N = 3308) | p |
| Fetal distress, n (%) | 10 445 (19.75) | 9726 (19.62) | 719 (21.74) | .003 |
| Small for gestational age, n (%) | 1422 (2.69) | 1205 (2.43) | 217 (6.56) | <.001 |
| 1‐min Apgar score ≤ 7 | 685 (1.30) | 600 (1.21) | 85 (2.57) | <.001 |
| 5‐min Apgar score ≤ 7 | 67 (.13) | 59 (.12) | 8 (.24) | .054 |
| Preterm birth, n (%) | 2402 (4.54) | 2079 (4.19) | 323 (9.76) | <.001 |
| Placental abruption, n (%) | 167 (.32) | 139 (.28) | 28 (.85) | <.001 |
| Cesarean, n (%) | 23 295 (44.04) | 21 250 (42.86) | 2045 (61.82) | <.001 |
| Gestational diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 7906 (14.95) | 7151 (14.42) | 755 (22.82) | <.001 |
| Scarred uterus, n (%) | 7694 (14.55) | 7301 (14.72) | 393 (11.88) | <.001 |
| Cephalic presentation, n (%) | 50 449 (95.38) | 47 302 (95.40) | 3147 (95.13) | .479 |
| Premature rupture of membranes, n (%) | 12 291 (23.24) | 11 787 (23.77) | 504 (15.24) | <.001 |
| In vitro fertilization‐embryo transfer, n (%) | 3622 (6.85) | 3215 (6.48) | 407 (12.30) | <.001 |
| Anemia, n (%) | 8405 (15.89) | 7929 (15.99) | 476 (14.39) | .015 |
| Age (years) | 31.27 ± 4.00 | 31.23 ± 3.97 | 31.89 ± 4.37 | <.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 21.22 ± 2.67 | 21.11 ± 2.55 | 22.97 ± 3.57 | <.001 |
| Gravidity | 1.87 ± 1.10 | 1.87 ± 1.10 | 1.83 ± 1.14 | .038 |
| Parity | 1.32 ± .49 | 1.32 ± .49 | 1.23 ± .44 | <.001 |
| Gestational age (week) | 39.09 ± 1.28 | 39.12 ± 1.25 | 38.58 ± 1.67 | <.001 |
| 1‐min Apgar score | 9.89 ±.54 | 9.90 ± .53 | 9.81 ± .74 | <.001 |
| 5‐min Apgar score | 9.97 ± .25 | 9.96 ± .24 | 9.94 ± .31 | <.001 |
| Birth weight (g) | 3331.72 ± 427.90 | 3340.27 ± 416.97 | 3203.48 ± 551.43 | <.001 |
| Blood pressure measurement times | 11.51 ± 2.14 | 11.52 ± 2.12 | 11.42 ± 2.33 | .009 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 112.01 ± .90 | 111.15 ± 8.24 | 124.96 ± 8.33 | <.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 69.92 ± 7.03 | 69.24 ± 6.50 | 80.14 ± 6.88 | <.001 |
| SBP SD (mmHg) | 7.88 ± 2.69 | 7.80 ± 2.65 | 9.12 ± 3.02 | <.001 |
| SBP CV (%) | 7.06 ± 2.43 | 7.04 ± 2.43 | 7.33 ± 2.47 | <.001 |
| DBP SD (mmHg) | 6.30 ± 2.47 | 6.25 ± 2.45 | 7.13 ± 2.58 | <.001 |
| DBP CV (%) | 9.10 ± 3.66 | 9.11 ± 3.67 | 9.02 ± 3.54 | .194 |
Note: Data are presented as number (%) or mean ± SD.
Abbreviations: CV, coefficient of variation; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; GH, gestational hypertension; PE, preeclampsia; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation.