TABLE 3.
Multiple logistic regression models of visit‐to‐visit blood pressure variability with adverse neonatal outcomes
| Outcomes | Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | p for trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fetal distress | ||||||
| SBP SD | Model 1 | Reference | 1.04 (.98–1.11) | 1.08 (1.02–1.15) | 1.10 (1.04–1.17) | .001 |
| Model 2 | Reference | 1.00 (.94–1.07) | 1.03 (.97‐1.10) | 1.03 (.97‐1.09) | .298 | |
| Model 3 | Reference | 1.00 (.94–1.07) | 1.04 (.97‐1.11) | 1.05 (.98‐1.12) | .115 | |
| SBP CV | Model 1 | Reference | 1.04 (.97–1.10) | 1.08 (1.02‐1.15) | 1.06 (1.00‐1.13) | .049 |
| Model 2 | Reference | 1.03 (.96–1.09) | 1.06 (.99‐1.13) | 1.05 (.98‐1.11) | .141 | |
| Model 3 | Reference | 1.02 (.95–1.08) | 1.05 (.98‐1.12) | 1.05 (.98‐1.12) | .104 | |
| DBP SD | Model 1 | Reference | 1.12 (1.06–1.20) | 1.22 (1.15–1.30) | 1.26 (1.19–1.34) | <.001 |
| Model 2 | Reference | 1.09 (1.02–1.16) | 1.15 (1.08–1.23) | 1.15 (1.08–1.23) | <.001 | |
| Model 3 | Reference | 1.09 (1.02–1.16) | 1.17 (1.10–1.25) | 1.19 (1.11–1.27) | <.001 | |
| DBP CV | Model 1 | Reference | 1.04 (.98–1.11) | 1.11 (1.05–1.18) | 1.20 (1.13‐1.28) | <.001 |
| Model 2 | Reference | 1.04 (.98–1.11) | 1.10 (1.03–1.17) | 1.16 (1.09–1.23) | <.001 | |
| Model 3 | Reference | 1.05 (.98–1.12) | 1.13 (1.05–1.20) | 1.22 (1.14–1.30) | <.001 | |
| Small for gestational age | ||||||
| SBP SD | Model 1 | Reference | 1.32 (1.13–1.54) | 1.16 (.99–1.36) | 1.58 (1.36–1.84) | <.001 |
| Model 2 | Reference | 1.29 (1.10–1.50) | 1.11 (.95–1.31) | 1.49 (1.28–1.73) | <.001 | |
| Model 3 | Reference | 1.25 (1.07–1.46) | 1.07 (.91–1.25) | 1.35 (1.16–1.58) | .001 | |
| SBP CV | Model 1 | Reference | 1.14 (.98–1.34) | 1.26 (1.08–1.47) | 1.34 (1.15–1.56) | <.001 |
| Model 2 | Reference | 1.11 (.95–1.29) | 1.17 (1.01–1.37) | 1.22 (1.05–1.43) | .009 | |
| Model 3 | Reference | 1.12 (.96–1.31) | 1.20 (1.02–1.40) | 1.26 (1.08–1.47) | .004 | |
| DBP SD | Model 1 | Reference | 1.05 (.89–1.23) | 1.17 (1.00–1.36) | 1.49 (1.29–1.73) | <.001 |
| Model 2 | Reference | 1.01 (.86–1.19) | 1.11 (.95–1.30) | 1.40 (1.21–1.63) | <.001 | |
| Model 3 | Reference | 1.00 (.85–1.18) | 1.09 (.93–1.28) | 1.32 (1.14–1.54) | <.001 | |
| DBP CV | Model 1 | Reference | 1.06 (.91–1.24) | 1.14 (.98–1.33) | 1.30 (1.12–1.51) | <.001 |
| Model 2 | Reference | 1.02 (.87–1.19) | 1.07 (.92–1.25) | 1.19 (1.02–1.38) | .014 | |
| Model 3 | Reference | 1.09 (.93–1.27) | 1.19 (1.01–1.39) | 1.38 (1.17–1.61) | <.001 | |
| Preterm birth | ||||||
| SBP SD | Model 1 | Reference | .82 (.73–.92) | .85 (.76–.96) | 1.06 (.95–1.19) | .079 |
| Model 2 | Reference | .82 (.73–.93) | .86 (.77–.97) | 1.08 (.96–1.20) | .045 | |
| Model 3 | Reference | .80 (.71–.90) | .82 (.73–.92) | .96 (.86–1.08) | .994 | |
| SBP CV | Model 1 | Reference | .79 (.70–.89) | .85 (.76–.95) | .94 (.84–1.05) | .675 |
| Model 2 | Reference | .80 (.71–.90) | .87 (.77–.97) | .97 (.86–1.08) | .883 | |
| Model 3 | Reference | .80 (.71–.90) | .88 (.78–.99) | .97 (.86–1.09) | .861 | |
| DBP SD | Model 1 | Reference | .81 (.72–.91) | .82 (.73–.92) | 1.01 (.90–1.13) | .418 |
| Model 2 | Reference | .82 (.73–.92) | .83 (.74–.94) | 1.04 (.93–1.16) | .181 | |
| Model 3 | Reference | .80 (.71–.90) | .79 (.70–.89) | .95 (.85–1.07) | .776 | |
| DBP CV | Model 1 | Reference | .80 (.72–.90) | .86 (.77–.96) | .87 (.78–.97) | .085 |
| Model 2 | Reference | .82 (.73–.92) | .89 (.79–.99) | .91 (.81–1.02) | .352 | |
| Model 3 | Reference | .85 (.76–.96) | .91 (.81–1.03) | .95 (.84–1.08) | .801 | |
| 1‐min Apgar score≤7 | ||||||
| SBP SD | Model 1 | Reference | 1.02 (.83–1.27) | .88 (.71–1.10) | 1.13 (.91–1.39) | .357 |
| Model 2 | Reference | 1.02 (.82–1.26) | .88 (.70–1.09) | 1.12 (.91–1.38) | .383 | |
| Model 3 | Reference | 1.00 (.81–1.24) | .86 (.69–1.07) | 1.06 (.85–1.31) | .755 | |
| SBP CV | Model 1 | Reference | .90 (.73–1.11) | .84 (.67–1.04) | .98 (.80–1.21) | .894 |
| Model 2 | Reference | .92 (.74–1.13) | .86 (.69–1.07) | 1.04 (.84–1.28) | .698 | |
| Model 3 | Reference | .91 (.73–1.12) | .84 (.68–1.05) | 1.00 (.81–1.24) | .972 | |
| DBP SD | Model 1 | Reference | .95 (.76–1.19) | 1.10 (.89–1.37) | 1.35 (1.09–1.66) | <.001 |
| Model 2 | Reference | .95 (.76–1.19) | 1.11 (.89–1.38) | 1.35 (1.09–1.66) | .001 | |
| Model 3 | Reference | .96 (.76–1.20) | 1.10 (.88–1.37) | 1.32 (1.06–1.63) | .003 | |
| DBP CV | Model 1 | Reference | .93 (.74–1.16) | 1.04 (.84–1.29) | 1.29 (1.05–1.59) | .004 |
| Model 2 | Reference | .97 (.77–1.21) | 1.09 (.88–1.36) | 1.37 (1.12–1.70) | <.001 | |
| Model 3 | Reference | .99 (.79–1.24) | 1.12 (.90–1.40) | 1.43 (1.14–1.79) | <.001 | |
| 5–min Apgar score≤7 | ||||||
| SBP SD | Model 1 | Reference | .90 (.48–1.70) | .70 (.35–1.39) | .75 (.38–1.47) | .335 |
| Model 2 | Reference | .89 (.47–1.69) | .69 (.35–1.36) | .73 (.37–1.43) | .297 | |
| Model 3 | Reference | .88 (.46–1.66) | .66 (.33–1.32) | .66 (.33–1.31) | .186 | |
| SBP CV | Model 1 | Reference | .76 (.40–1.46) | .76 (.40–1.46) | .67 (.34–1.31) | .264 |
| Model 2 | Reference | .75 (.39–1.44) | .74 (.38–1.41) | .64 (.32–1.26) | .212 | |
| Model 3 | Reference | .73 (.38–1.40) | .69 (.36–1.34) | .57 (.28–1.14) | .120 | |
| DBP SD | Model 1 | Reference | .50 (.23–1.07) | .90 (.48–1.70) | .95 (.51–1.78) | .721 |
| Model 2 | Reference | .49 (.23–1.06) | .88 (.46–1.66) | .91 (.48–1.71) | .821 | |
| Model 3 | Reference | .49 (.23–1.05) | .85 (.45–1.62) | .84 (.44–1.62) | .987 | |
| DBP CV | Model 1 | Reference | .71 (.34–1.48) | 1.30 (.69–2.44) | .94 (.48–1.86) | .796 |
| Model 2 | Reference | .69 (.33–1.45) | 1.25 (.66–2.36) | .89 (.45–1.77) | .929 | |
| Model 3 | Reference | .67 (.32–1.41) | 1.18 (.61–2.26) | .80 (.39–1.66) | .826 | |
Note: Model 1 was unadjusted. Model 2 was adjusted for body mass index, age, gravidity, parity, cesarean, in vitro fertilization‐embryo transfer. Model 3 was adjusted for covariates in Model 2 and hypertensive disorders (normotension, gestational hypertension/preeclampsia), gestational diabetes mellitus, premature rupture of membranes, cephalic presentation, scarred uterus, anemia, mean SBP and mean DBP.
Abbreviations: CV, coefficient of variation; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation.