TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the included studies
| Study | Journal | Country/region | Type of population | Sample size | Mean age | Male (%) | Hypertension (%) | Diabetes mellitus (%) | Antihypertensive treatment (%) | CVD comorbidities (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al‐Karkhi, I. et al. 2015 6 | Blood Pressure Monitoring | Sweden, Europe | General population | 162 | 62.6 ± .5 | 48.8% | 82.1% | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
| Asayama, K. et al. 2019 9 | Hypertension Research | Japan, Asia | Hypertensive population | 308 | 71.8 ± 10.1 | 42.2% | 100% | 17.9% | 96.4% | Nonfatal stroke and myocardial infarction 4.9% |
| Campo, C. et al. 2000 7 | Blood Pressure | Spain, Europe | hypertensive population | 142 | 57.8 ± 11.3 | 53.1% | 100% | 18.9% | 100% | Ischemic heart disease 5.6% |
| Chantrel, F. et al. 2020 15 | Blood Pressure Monitoring | France, Europe | CKD with hypertension population | 225 | 67.0 ± 13.0 | 61% | 100% | 37% | 100% | n.a. |
| de Heus, R. A. A. et al. 2019 16 | European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing | Netherlands, Europe | Mild cognitive impairment/dementia population | 213 | 73.4 ± 9.0 | 58.2% | n.a. | n.a. | 58.2% | 43.2% |
| Divisón, J. A. et al. 2004 17 | Blood Pressure Monitoring | Spain, Europe | General population | 989 | 44.3 ± 16.4 | 49.6% | 0 | n.a. | 0 | n.a. |
| Jula, A. et al. 1999 18 | Hypertension | Finland, Europe | Hypertensive population | 233 | 46.0 ± 4.9 | 58.4% | 100% | 8% | 0 | n.a. |
| Kario, K.et al. 2013 10 | Drugs in R and D | Japan, Asia | Hypertensive population | 4852 | 64.8 ± 11.9 | 47.1% | 100% | 17.8% | 45.5% | Heart disease 11.3% cerebrovascular disorder 7.4% |
| Kjeldsen, S. E. et al. 2002 19 | Blood Pressure | Swedenand Norway, Europe | hypertensive population | 87 | 58.0 ± 6.0 | 49.0% | 100% | 2% | 21% | n.a. |
| Kondo, K. et al. 2016 11 | Blood Pressure Monit | Japan, Asia | Hypertensive population | 75 | 66.6 ± 11.8 | 65.3% | 100% | 34.7% | 100% | n.a. |
| Mancia, G. et al. 2002 8 | Blood Pressure Monitoring | Italy, UK and the Netherlands, Europe | Hypertensive population | 426 | 55.3 ± 9.8 | 64.3% | 100% | 16% | n.a. | Angina pectoris 5% cerebrovascular event 4% |
| Mori, H. et al. 2017 20 | Hypertension Research | Japan, Asia | Normotensive population | 451 | 52.4 ± 15.7 | 17.4% | 0 | 0 | 0 | n.a. |
| Nakano, M. et al. 2016 21 | Journal of Clinical Hypertension | Japan, Asia | Hypertensive population | 95 | 58.7 ± 13.4 | 37.9% | 100% | 6.3% | 86.0% | Myocardial infarction 1.1% |
| Niiranen, T. J. et al. 2006 22 | Journal of Hypertension | Finland, Europe | General population | 2051 | 56.4 ± 8.5 | 46.4% | 55.2% | n.a. | 22.7% | n.a. |
| Ohta, Y. et al. 2014 23 | Clinical and Experimental Hypertension | Japan, Asia | Hypertensive population | 208 | 66.0 ± 11.0 | 47.1% | 100% | n.a. | 100% | n.a. |
| Okada, T. et al. 2008 24 | American Journal of Nephrology | Japan, Asia | CKD population | 137 | 64.8 ± 10.2 | 71.5% | n.a. | n.a. | 92.7% | n.a. |
| Saito, I. et al. 2013 41 | Hypertension Research | Japan, Asia | Hypertensive population | 21571 | 64.8 ± 11.9 | 49.4% | 100% | 20.4% | 50.2% | Cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease 10.5% |
| Stenehjem, A. E. et al. 2006 25 | Blood Pressure Monitoring | Norway, Europe | Renal transplant population | 49 | 53.4 ± 14.2 | 46.9% | 86% | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
| Udani, J. et al. 2015 26 | Functional Foods in Health and Disease | Japan, Asia | Hypertensive population | 10 | 50.4 ± 8.1 | 80% | 100% | n.a. | 0 | n.a. |
| Uno, H. et al. 2008 27 | Hypertension Research | Japan, Asia | Hypertensive population | 72 | 59.7 ± 10.2 | 65.3% | 100% | 4.2% | 43.1% | Angina pectoris 2.8% stroke 2.8% |
| Kadowaki, S. et al. 2021 33 | Hypertension Research | Japan, Asia | General population | 1056 | 64.2 ± 9.8 | 100% | n.a. | 22.2% | 32.5% | n.a. |
| Kakio, Y. et al. 2017 34 | Blood Pressure Monitoring | Japan, Asia | Hypertensive population | 84 | 67.7 ± 10.9 | 47.6% | 100% | 45.2% | 100% | Myocardial infarction 6.0% angina pectoris 9.5% stroke 7.1% |
| Kamoi, K. et al. 2010 35 | Clinical and Experimental Hypertension | Japan, Asia | Diabetes population | 400 | 65.0 ± 10.0 | 53.0% | 71% | 100% | 49% | Coronary heart disease 10% cerebrovascular disease 17.5% |
| Kuriyama, S. et al. 2014 36 | Clinical and Experimental Nephrology | Japan, Asia | Hypertensive population | 74 | 60.7 ± 11.6 | 87.8% | 100% | 29.7% | 100% | Myocardial infarction 5.4% angina pectoris 5.4% stroke 8.1% |
| Miyagawa, S. et al. 2012 37 | Clinical and Experimental Hypertension | Japan, Asia | Hypertensive population | 151 | 66.9 ± 9.5 | 51% | 100% | 19% | 100% | n.a. |
| Mori, H. et al. 2013 38 | Hypertension Research | Japan, Asia | Hypertensive population | 188 | 61.5 ± 11.7 | 57.4% | 100% | n.a. | 100% | n.a. |
| Ohkubo, T. et al. 2004 39 | Hypertension Research | Japan, Asia | Hypertensive population | 3400 | 66.2 ± 10.5 | 44.8% | 100% | 13.7% | 100% | Cerebrovascular disease 9.1% ischemic heart disease 8.2% |
| Ohta, Y. et al. 2011 40 | Clinical and Experimental Hypertension | Japan, Asia | Hypertensive population | 262 | 67.0 ± 11.0 | 44.0% | 100% | n.a. | 100% | n.a. |
| Satoh, A. et al. 2019 42 | Journal of Hypertension | Japan, Asia | General population | 919 | 64.5 ± 9.6 | 100% | n.a. | n.a. | 32.2% | 10% |
| Suzuki, K. et al. 2011 43 | Clinical and Experimental Hypertension | Japan, Asia | Diabetes with hypertension population | 34 | 57.5 ± 1.8 | 52.9% | 100% | 100% | 11.8% | Cerebrovascular disorder 14.7% heart disease 8.8% |
| Yasui,D. et al. 2012 29 | Blood Pressure Monitoring | Japan, Asia | General population | 2651 | 57.6 ± 14.1 | 39.0% | 39.8% | 9.0% | 29.3% | 4.7% |
| Asayama K. et al. 2012 31 | Hypertension Research | Japan. Asia | Hypertensive population | 3518 | 59.6 ± 10.0 | 49.9% | 100% | 15.3% | 0 | 3.0% |
| Huang, H. C. et al. 2005 32 | Journal of International Medical Research | Taiwan, Asia | Hypertensive population | 85 | 46.9 ± 10.2 | 52.9% | 100% | n.a. | 100% | n.a. |
| Xu, J. et al. 2016 28 | Patient Preference and Adherence | China, Asia | New onset TIA or ischemic stroke population | 2608 | 62.5 ± 11.1 | 67.6% | 70.6% | 28.4% | n.a. | Ischemic stroke 88.9% transient ischemic attacks 11.1% |
| Zhang, D. Y. et al. 2020 30 | Journal of hypertension | China, Asia | Hypertensive population | 1646 | 55.7 ± 13.8 | 100% | 100% | 15.1% | 66.8% | 10.6% |
Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; TIA, transient ischemic attack.