Table 3.
Examples of applications of immune cell phenotyping.
| Disease | Technique | Observation | Publication |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sero-positive/sero-negative rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | Single-cell sequencing | Upregulation of CCL13, 18 and MMP3 in circulating myeloid cells; lack of HLA-DRB5 of ACPA− vs. ACPA+ RA patients. | Wu et al. [264] |
| Mass cytometry | Identification of increased CD62L+ basophil subset in ACPA+ vs. ACPA− patients. | Koppejan et al. [265] | |
| Multiple sclerosis (MS) phenotyping | scRNAseq | Compartmentalized immune cell mechanisms and altered expression profiles | Schafflick et al. [6] |
| Sepsis phenotyping | scRNAseq | PBMC assessment reveals PLAC8 and CLU-dependent CD14+ IL1R2hiHLA-DRlo monocyte discrimination of bacterial sepsis vs. non-sepsis patients with visible expansion in septic patients | Reyes et al. [266] |
| scATAC-seq | PBMCs show prognostic value of overall epigenetic heterogeneity (EG-hi: worse survival) | Chen et al. [267] | |
| Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) | scRNAseq | Identification of mucosal IL1B+ macrophages and monocytes in IBD vs. control; PBMCs with increased IL-1β+ circulating monocytes in active Crohn’s disease vs. ulcerative colitis. | Mitsialis et al. [268] |
| COVID-19 phenotyping | scRNAseq of BAL | Discrimination of disease severity | Wauters et al. [269] |
| scRNAseq of Blood | Cellular atlas of blood immune responses during COVID-19, including developing neutrophil population and HLAII downregulation within PBMCs | Wilk et al. [270] | |
| scRNAseq of cerebrospinal fluid | Dedifferentiated monocytes in CSF in neuro-COVID-19 patients | Heming et al. [271] |