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. 2022 May 30;19(11):6699. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19116699

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(A) Location of the experimental sites in Ruhuha, southeast Rwanda. Nyaburiba: rice field control, Gatare: rice field-1 for community-based application of Bti (CB1), Kizanye: rice field-2 for community-based application of Bti (CB2), Kibaza: rice field-1 for expert supervised application of Bti (ES1), Nyagafunzo: crop land-2 for expert supervised application of Bti (ES2). Blue dots represent the 19 water hill dams at which expert-supervised application of Bti (ES3) was also carried out. (B) Training of community representatives for spraying of Bti. (C) Spraying of Bti using knapsack sprayers in the irrigated rice fields.