Table 2.
Effect of flour formulation on PA, GABA, TSPC, and AA (as determined by ORAC assay) in biscuits.
| Biscuit Type | Recipe No. | Proportion of Flours a | PA (g/100 g) |
GABA (mg/100 g) |
TSPC (mg GAE/100 g) |
ORAC (μmol TE/g) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sprouted Pseudocereal Flour 1 (X1) | Sprouted Pseudocereal Flour 2 (X2) | Wheat Flour (X3) | ||||||
| BQK | 1 | 15 | 15 | 70 | 0.22 ± 0.00 c | 4.01 ± 0.06 de | 148.38 ± 3.80 bcd | 57.03 ± 1.39 bc |
| 2 | 20 | 20 | 60 | 0.27 ± 0.01 de | 4.41 ± 0.11 e | 192.96 ± 1.69 fgh | 72.43 ± 6.25 def | |
| 3 | 5 | 20 | 75 | 0.23 ± 0.01 c | 2.44 ± 0.16 b | 133.00 ± 0.68 bc | 52.50 ± 6.27 b | |
| 4 | 20 | 20 | 60 | 0.32 ± 0.01 fg | 3.62 ± 0.26 cd | 222.30 ± 4.16 hi | 91.76 ± 1.94 g | |
| 5 | 5 | 20 | 75 | 0.22 ± 0.01 c | 2.54 ± 0.05 b | 125.71 ± 5.56 b | 59.83 ± 2.33 bc | |
| 6 | 5 | 20 | 75 | 0.22 ± 0.00 c | 2.50 ± 0.04 b | 128.86 ± 3.74 b | 52.39 ± 0.50 b | |
| 7 | 20 | 20 | 60 | 0.33 ± 0.01 g | 3.37 ± 0.04 c | 246.49 ± 15.01 i | 75.81 ± 2.44 f | |
| 8 | 10 | 25 | 65 | 0.29 ± 0.00 ef | 3.73 ± 0.00 cd | 160.46 ± 4.87 cde | 52.71 ± 1.50 b | |
| 9 | 20 | 5 | 75 | 0.16 ± 0.01 b | 3.85 ± 0.18 cd | 165.11 ± 4.65 def | 74.57 ± 5.01 ef | |
| 10 | 20 | 5 | 75 | 0.17 ± 0.00 b | 3.41 ± 0.07 c | 188.39 ± 16.35 efg | 63.03 ± 5.02 bcde | |
| 11 | 10 | 10 | 80 | 0.18 ± 0.02 b | 2.63 ± 0.02 b | 151.36 ± 9.06 bcd | 53.98 ± 2.48 bc | |
| 12 | 25 | 10 | 65 | 0.24 ± 0.01 cd | 4.49 ± 0.08 e | 212.15 ± 2.73 gh | 66.14 ± 5.52 cdef | |
| 13 | 20 | 5 | 75 | 0.22 ± 0.01 c | 4.12 ± 0.18 de | 222.31 ± 1.08 hi | 60.01 ± 4.08 bcd | |
| 14 | 25 | 10 | 65 | 0.15 ± 0.01 b | 3.38 ± 0.01 c | 175.10 ± 3.36 def | 51.30 ± 4.32 b | |
| BQC | 1 | 15 | 15 | 70 | 0.19 ± 0.00 de | 3.50 ± 0.01 bcd | 409.48 ± 38.06 ef | 95.46 ± 2.45 c |
| 2 | 20 | 20 | 60 | 0.25 ± 0.01 f | 4.66 ± 0.06 de | 486.86 ± 15.14 f | 133.28 ± 2.65 d | |
| 3 | 5 | 20 | 75 | 0.18 ± 0.00 cde | 4.01 ± 0.02 cde | 334.40 ± 2.85 de | 91.60 ± 6.44 c | |
| 4 | 20 | 20 | 60 | 0.23 ± 0.00 f | 4.58 ± 0.28 de | 441.61 ± 14.63 f | 138.39 ± 2.03 d | |
| 5 | 5 | 20 | 75 | 0.15 ± 0.00 b | 4.06 ± 0.08 cde | 320.15 ± 26.96 cd | 84.49 ± 0.25 c | |
| 6 | 5 | 20 | 75 | 0.17 ± 0.00 bcd | 3.63 ± 0.03 bcde | 280.14 ± 2.58 bcd | 89.03 ± 4.07 c | |
| 7 | 20 | 20 | 60 | 0.25 ± 0.00 f | 4.94 ± 0.22 e | 428.78 ± 6.39 f | 136.25 ± 2.19 d | |
| 8 | 10 | 25 | 65 | 0.23 ± 0.00 f | 3.60 ± 0.41 bcde | 411.83 ± 21.66 ef | 98.35 ± 8.20 c | |
| 9 | 20 | 5 | 75 | 0.18 ± 0.00 cde | 3.18 ± 0.02 bc | 204.43 ± 5.60 b | 67.38 ± 2.92 b | |
| 10 | 20 | 5 | 75 | 0.19 ± 0.00 cde | 3.12 ± 0.03 bc | 236.8 ± 0.310 b | 61.64 ± 5.84 b | |
| 11 | 10 | 10 | 80 | 0.17 ± 0.00 bc | 2.61 ± 0.02 b | 275.67 ± 3.05 bcd | 56.06 ± 5.06 b | |
| 12 | 25 | 10 | 65 | 0.24 ± 0.00 f | 4.58 ± 0.00 de | 339.32 ± 24.67 de | 90.22 ± 9.48 c | |
| 13 | 20 | 5 | 75 | 0.20 ± 0.01 e | 3.98 ± 1.03 cde | 247.89 ± 19.14 bc | 56.68 ± 5.22 b | |
| 14 | 25 | 10 | 65 | 0.23 ± 0.00 f | 6.47 ± 0.02 f | 325.52 ± 24.66 cd | 92.66 ± 2.98 c | |
| BKC | 1 | 15 | 15 | 70 | 0.15 ± 0.01 bc | 3.32 ± 0.05 ef | 228.92 ± 16.62 def | 93.69 ± 1.03 ef |
| 2 | 20 | 20 | 60 | 0.22 ± 0.01 e | 3.36 ± 0.08 ef | 328.63 ± 0.00 g | 98.96 ± 14.25 fg | |
| 3 | 5 | 20 | 75 | 0.15 ± 0.00 bc | 3.32 ± 0.09 ef | 260.76 ± 7.13 ef | 114.45 ± 2.37 g | |
| 4 | 20 | 20 | 60 | 0.21 ± 0.01 e | 3.64 ± 0.00 f | 279.73 ± 25.94 fg | 106.35 ± 3.91 fg | |
| 5 | 5 | 20 | 75 | 0.14 ± 0.00 b | 3.06 ± 0.03 cde | 230.75 ± 19.53 def | 106.14 ± 1.32 fg | |
| 6 | 5 | 20 | 75 | 0.14 ± 0.00 b | 3.23 ± 0.07 e | 287.82 ± 20.39 fg | 89.74 ± 2.97 def | |
| 7 | 20 | 20 | 60 | 0.25 ± 0.00 f | 4.11 ± 0.06 g | 236.09 ± 22.07 def | 99.16 ± 1.75 fg | |
| 8 | 10 | 25 | 65 | 0.17 ± 0.00 d | 3.32 ± 0.04 ef | 185.48 ± 13.65 bcd | 100.34 ± 3.40 fg | |
| 9 | 20 | 5 | 75 | 0.22 ± 0.01 e | 2.58 ± 0.05 b | 285.27 ± 8.29 fg | 68.19 ± 2.21 bc | |
| 10 | 20 | 5 | 75 | 0.16 ± 0.00 cd | 2.80 ± 0.06 bcd | 127.11 ± 4.57 b | 80.44 ± 4.35 cde | |
| 11 | 10 | 10 | 80 | 0.14 ± 0.00 b | 2.52 ± 0.10 b | 167.04 ± 13.22 bc | 62.95 ± 0.94 b | |
| 12 | 25 | 10 | 65 | 0.14 ± 0.00 b | 2.71 ± 0.22 bc | 240.33 ± 3.93 def | 67.51 ± 0.33 bc | |
| 13 | 20 | 5 | 75 | 0.18 ± 0.01 d | 2.46 ± 0.06 b | 147.29 ± 5.00 b | 59.81 ± 1.33 b | |
| 14 | 25 | 10 | 65 | 0.26 ± 0.01 f | 3.13 ± 0.13 de | 218.18 ± 8.62 cde | 76.48 ± 11.73 bcd | |
| Control | 15 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0.04 ± 0.01 a | 0.70 ± 0.04 a | 52.59 ± 3.74 a | 25.50 ± 2.80 a |
Data are mean ± standard deviation of three replicates. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences among different formulations for each biscuit type (ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc test, p ≤ 0.05). Abbreviations: BQK, biscuits formulated with sprouted quinoa (X1), sprouted kiwicha (X2), and wheat flour (X3); BQC, biscuits formulated with sprouted quinoa (X1), sprouted cañihua (X2), and wheat flour (X3); BKC biscuits formulated with sprouted kiwicha (X1), sprouted cañihua (X2), and wheat flour (X3); GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; GAE, gallic acid equivalents; ORAC, oxygen radical absorbance capacity; PA, phytic acid; TSPC, total soluble phenolic compounds; TE: Trolox equivalents.